
Gass 7 '4 1 



Book:JlB.A5L 



PRACTICAL KINKS, RECIPES 
AND TABLES 



Collected by and for 

JOSEPH OrBRANCH, t-^v^ 

Editor, ** Practical Electricity and Engineering," 

Author of "Stationary Engineering," "Electric Wiring," 

**One Thousand Questions and Answers 

for Engineers," etc. 



WITH 60 CUTS AND NUMEROUS TABLES 



CHICAGO: 

The Joseph G. Branch Publishing Company, 

1912. 






y 



Copyright, 1912, 
By Joseph G. Branch. 



THE HENRY O. SHEPARD CO., PRINTERS, CHICAGO. 



PREFACE. 



This compilation reflects two of the striking traits 
which distinguish the really successful engineer or 
mechanic from the unsuccessful ones, or from those 
who only make good half way. One of the charac- 
teristics is his knowing how to do things, regardless 
of whether they present themselves in their usual 
form or whether new problems arise. The other lies 
in his being willing to try new methods, to listen to 
what others have found out, to adapt the same to his 
needs, or to scheme new ways if necessary. 

Of course, the average man's opportunities for 
personal experience are limited, but, thanks to our 
modern publications, he can rise above these limita- 
tions if he wants to. He can keep his eyes open not 
only to the problems round about him, but also to 
those which other engineers or mechanics are encoun- 
tering under similar or different conditions. He can 
read and absorb what these others have been trying 
and learning, can write up what he himself has been 
trying, and thus can keep in effective touch with the 
great fraternity of skilled engineers and mechanics. 
And if the suggestions made by others do not fit his 
own problems, or if he thinks he can improve on them, 
so much the better. It is the stimulus to his thinking 



over the wide range of practical problems that really 
counts. 

Hence this volume has a twofold mission : First, 
to show what hundreds of workers scattered over both 
Europe and America have found practical; and sec- 
ond, to stimulate more engineers and mechanics to 
studying and trying new methods — for only in their 
doing so lies their hope of avoiding ruts and making 
real progress. Both of these aims have already been 
accomplished to some extent by many of these items 
when first published in " Practical Electricity and 
Engineering." Now they have been grouped for easy 
reference and indexed so that they should meet the 
needs of the great fraternity of engineers and mechanics 
all the more readily. 



Practical Kinks and Recipes 



Cementing Rubber to Steel or Iron. 

To a half pint of ammonia (ordinary solution) add 
two ounces of finely powdered shellac. Cover the mix- 
ture tightly and let it stand, stirring thoroughly every 
few hours until the shellac is entirely dissolved. If it 
should dissolve very quickly, the ammonia is too strong 
and more shellac should be added so as to make a thin 
paste. To this paste add a few drops of carbolic acid, 
spread it on the rubber and clamp this against the steel 
or iron in a vise. It will usually set in five or ten min- 
utes. For irregularly shaped articles, roughen the sur- 
faces well by scraping them before applying the 
cement. 

Blow-hole Filler for Iron Castings. 

Mix 2 parts powdered sal ammoniac with 1 part 
flowers of sulphur and 60 parts finely sifted iron filings. 
Then add a spoonful of vinegar to five times as much 
water and use this dilute vinegar for making a thick 
paste out of the powdered mixture. Clean the edges of 
the blow holes and press the paste into it, which will 
harden in a few days. This also makes a good cement 
for joining two pieces of cast iron, the surfaces of 
which must be clean and bright. 

Nonscratching Vise Jaws. 

No metal is as generally popular for keeping vise 
jaws from scratching pieces held between them as 
wood. But loose pieces of wood are continually being 
lost and are bothersome to hold in place while tighten- 



6 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

ing the vise. A better plan is to make wood-jawed 
removable vise faces out of square pieces of heavy- 
sheet iron as wide as the jaw of the vise, fastening 




Fig. I. 




Fig. 2. 

NON-SCRATCHING VISE JAWS. 



wood blocks to the iron by flat-head screws. The wood 
can easily be renewed when badly worn and can also 
be grooved or otherwise shaped to fit pieces which 
would otherwise be difficult to hold. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 7 

To Temper Spiral Springs. 

Warm the steel spring in a charcoal fire, rub or- 
dinary washing soap over it, heat again to a cherry 
red and dip quickly into a bath of ordinary kerosene. 
When cool, draw the temper to a light blue and rub 
tallow over the spring; then burn this off in the air 
and let the spring cool slowly. 

To Color Solder Yellow. 

Where the solder used in joining brass pieces is 
exposed to view, this can be made to look like the brass 
by coating it successively with copper and zinc, which 
together make brass. To do this, make a strong solu- 
tion of blue vitriol in water, drop it on the solder and 
brush it with an iron wire over the solder, thereby 
coating it with a film of copper. If this does not fully 
cover the solder, wipe off the surplus liquid and repeat. 
Then mix a strong solution of sulphate of zinc with 
twice as much of a strong solution of blue vitriol and 
rub this over the solder with a rod or scrap of zinc 
until the desired yellow color is obtained. 

Sal Ammoniac Battery Solution. 

To avoid the forming of crystals of sal ammoniac 
add about %o the volume of glycerin to the solution. 
This is said to prevent the obnoxious crystals without 
increasing the internal resistance of the battery. 

To Clean Clogged Files. 

When a file has become clogged with iron filings, 
dip it into a solution of blue vitriol in water. This dis- 
solves the little particles of iron while precipitating the 
copper, without readily attacking the steel of the file. 
Then rinse in clear water, brush well and dip into nitric 
acid until reddish brown fumes arise in goodly quan- 



8 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



tity. Rinse again in water and dry rapidly with waste 
or sawdust. 

If the clogging is due to particles of zinc, dip the 
file into dilute sulphuric acid instead of the blue vitriol 
solution, but otherwise proceed as above. 

Gluing Wood. 

In gluing flat surfaces of wood to each other, spread 
the glue on one piece and warm the other before apply- 
ing it, taking care not to scorch it. The heat of the 
warmed piece will make the glue flow more readily, so 
that it will enter the fiber and get a better hold. 

Fastening Handles to Files or Chisels. 

Mix powdered chalk with twice as much powdered 
shellac and pour it into the opening in the handle. 
Then heat the tang of the file, chisel or gouge and 
press it into the powder while hot. 

Gauging the Bore of Tubes Accurately. 

In using a cylinder of standard diameter for gaug- 
ing the bore of a hole or tube, many a good mechanic 
has been misled, for the reason that such a standard 



^^g^ 




Fig. 3. 



Fig. 4. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



cylinder is dependable only when the bore is itself 
uniform in diameter. If this bore is enlarged in some 
points but still of the right diameter to just slip over 
the test piece, this will slide snugly into it (as shown 
in Fig. 3), thereby implying that the bore is uniformly 
of the right size although this is not the case. So also, 




Fig. 5. 



any taper in the bore is apt to be misleading, as the 
hand holding the test gauge (as in Fig. 4) may not 
be conscious of the slight play afforded by the taper, 
even though this may mean a considerable increase in 
the bore at the farther end. 

To avoid such misleading results, test gauges for 




Fig. 6. 



Fig. 7. 



10 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

internal use should not be cylindrical, but should either 
be spheres (balls of uniform diameter) or slices off the 
same at right angles to the stem which serves as a 
handle. Such a gauge having a slice off a sphere for its 
head may be tilted as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, but the 
effective diameter will still be the same, hence it will 
instantly detect any variations in the bore. Where 
many sizes of bores are to be measured, the heads may 
be turned to fit an interchangeable stem or handle as 
shown in Fig. 7. 

To Soften Hardened Rubber. 

If the rubber tubing or other articles have not yet 
reached the point of brittleness, they may often be 
brought back to the more flexible state by hanging 
them over a jet of steam. If the articles are thick, the 
steam may not penetrate sufficiently. In that case, lay 
them in cold water and gradually bring this to a boil ; 
then let them cool with the water, wipe with a soft 
cloth or with waste and dry in a warm room. 

Tempering Tools in Molten Metal. 

In the usual process of drawing the temper on 
hardened steel tools by heating them in a flame and 
then cooling them quickly in water, the resulting tem- 
per depends on the extent to which the tool is heated 
during the so-called drawing of the temper. This is 
commonly judged by watching the changing color on 
the steel. 

The same result can also be obtained in another 
way if instead of using water (which tends to chill the 
steel to a hard temper) and reducing its hardening 
effect by drawing out part of it in a flame, we use 
baths of molten metal which will harden the steel only 
to the desired temper right at the start. For instance, 
if instead of using water for the initial hardening of a 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



11 



freshly formed tool, we use molten zinc, this will leave 
the steel as hard as if drawn to a lemon color. If we 
used mercury, it will give a diamond temper suitable 
for drilling or cutting glass. If we substitute molten 
lead, the steel will be left as soft as if it had been drawn 
to a dark blue color. Zinc and lead mix readily in any 
proportions, and the temperature of the molten mixture 
varies with these proportions, hence we can easily 
obtain the heat corresponding to various tempers, as 
follows : 



Zinc. 


Lead. 


Temper Color. 


Temper. 


Suitable for 




iVa 


Lemon yellow. 


Glass hard. 


Surgical instruments. 




2 


Straw yellow. 


Double hard. 


Knives, scribers, drills. 




3^ 


Light cherry. 


Very hard. 


Shears and cold chisels. 




aVa 


Brownish red. 


Hard. 


Planes, pocket-knives, axes. 




sy2 


Purplish red. 


Almost hard. 


Table cutlery, forks, gouges. 




19 


Light blue. 


Rather hard. 


Small springs, sword blades. 




25 


Cornflower blue. 


Slightly hard. 


Fine saws, common weapons. 


o 


I 


Blue black. 


Half soft. 


Large saws, large springs. 



To Keep Rubber Soft. 

As proven by the Russian tests quoted in our Janu- 
ary issue, clear water is one of the most effective 
means for keeping soft-rubber articles (such as rubber 
hose or v/ashers) from becoming hard and brittle. 
Hence all such rubber goods should be kept in a damp 
place. Where this is not feasible, dip them or brush 
them with a mixture of 1 part of glycerin with 12 parts 
of water, using distilled water if this can readily be 
obtained free from oil. 

^ Rubber Cement. 

To cement rubber articles to each other, soften 
/ finely powdered shellac with a strong solution of am- 
/ monia. Warm the mixture and use this paste as soon 
as it is warm. 



12 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Cementing Iron to Wood. 

(a) Weigh out equal quantities of shellac and 
finely powdered chalk. Melt the shellac and stir the 
chalk into it. Apply while hot. 

(b) Melt 12 ounces of resin. Add 3 ounces flowers 
of sulphur and stir well. Then add 4 ounces of iron 
filings and 1 ounce of powdered sal ammoniac. Apply 
while hot and mix fresh each time. This recipe has 
resin for getting a good grip on the wood, while the 
iron filings and sal ammoniac are common ingredients 
of blow-hole fillers for use on iron castings, taking firm 
hold on iron or steel. 

Cement for Marble. 

Mix 9 ounces of finely powdered brick dust with 
1 ounce of powdered litharge and enough linseed 
oil to make a thick paste. The parts to be joined must 
first be moistened with a sponge or cloth, else any 
surplus of the linseed oil will soak into the marble and 
discolor it. 

Using Old Hack-saw Blades. 

Save your hack-sa^v blades after the teeth are worn 
off them. Owing to the fine steel used in all good 
blades, these do admirably for making tweezers, 
special knives or cutters (like the washer cutter pic- 
tured in this issue). The writer has even known of 
one engineer who amused himself by making his 
safety-razor blades out of the discarded saws. 

Soldering Steel or Iron. 

The copper coating found on the so-called " Besse- 
mer Rod " of the hardware dealer and on many metal 
parts of steel articles is produced by simply dipping 
the steel into a solution of blue vitriol (sulphate of 
copper). This readily takes hold of steel or iron. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



13 



coating it with a film of copper on which nickel plating 
can be done better than direct on the iron or steel. 
The same applies also to soldering. Hence, when 
bothered to make the solder stick when trying to 
solder iron or steel parts, clean the pieces well and 
swab each with a rag or piece of waste (or a stick) 
dipped into a solution of blue vitriol. 

Cutting Leather Washers. 

A handy washer cutter can be made out of an old 
binding post, a long screw fitting it and an old hack- 
saw blade. Cut the head off the screw and file the 
end to a sharp point, so as to form the pivot. Heat 




Fig. 8. 



the saw blade to draw its temper, trim one end to a 
point and file a cutting edge on it; cut to a length 
depending on the largest size of washer wanted and 
file a slot from the other end just wide enough to 



14 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

straddle the screw. Then bend the pointed end as 
shown in our illustration, temper the steel again and 
clamp it between the parts of the binding post. To 
get a smooth cut with it, hold this washer cutter still 
and rotate the leather under it. 

Leaky Gas Engines. 

To detect leaks in or about a gas engine, shut off 
the gas and let the engine suck air through its valves. 
Turn the fly-wheel slowly by hand past the compres- 
sion point of the engine. If there is no leak, the com- 
pressing of the air will offer a considerable resistance 
to turning the wheel and will carry the wheel further 
even if it has been held for some minutes just beyond 
the point of greatest compression. But if there is a 
leak, the air will escape through it, thereby reducing 
the resistance to turning the wheel or to holding it 
near the compression point. 

If the air makes a hissing sound when escaping at 
the leak, the latter can often be located by this sound. 
If not, have your helper compress the air again by 
turning the fly-wheel while you move a lighted candle 
about the various parts to see where the escaping air 
will blow the flame. Should this still not locate the 
leak, turn the gas on at the engine but leave the ignit- 
ing mechanism disconnected; then have your helper 
again move the wheel slowly while you repeat your 
search with the candle which will often ignite a stream 
of gas too small to show itself by blowing against the 
flame. 

Aluminum. 

Dull Finish. — To give a dull finish to articles made 
of aluminum, dip them for a short time into a con- 
centrated solution of caustic soda, then rinse well. 
This solution is akin to lye and will eat the skin off the 
fingers, hence the pieces should be handled with sticks. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 15 

Cutting Oil. — Ordinary machine oils do not work 
as well with aluminum as with iron or steel, hence in 
drilling or turning pieces of aluminum the tools are 
apt to tear the metal. To overcome this, use kerosene 
instead of the heavier oils. 

Batteries. 

Reviving Dry Batteries. — Most so-called dry bat- 
teries have a good-sized carbon in the center, while the 
casing itself is made of zinc to form the other elec- 
trode. In practice, the zinc (which is the terminal con- 
sumed in carbon-zinc batteries) is almost never eaten 
through by the time the battery is exhausted. There- 
fore it is only the solution or pasty mixture between 
the carbon and the zinc that needs to be replenished. 
This can usually be done in one of three methods, the 
successful one depending on the make-up of the filling 
between the carbon and the zinc : 

1. By piercing a hole through the layer which 
seals the top of the battery and pouring in as much 
water as w411 seep into the cell. Either clear water, or 
a teaspoonful of sal ammoniac in a glass of water may 
be used for this purpose. 

2. By leaving the battery sealed, setting it into a 
warm oven and then allowing it to cool slowly. 

3. By connecting it to a reversed current and 
recharging it as if it were a storage battery. 

Cutting Gauge-glass Tubes. — Make a scratch mark 
on the glass with a file at the point where you want 
the line of the cut. Take two long strips of newspaper 
about two inches wide and at least a foot long. Wet 
these strips thoroughly and wrap them around the 
tube on opposite sides of the file mark with a scant 
% inch of space between them. Then heat a fine wire 
red hot in a gas flame and touch it to the glass at the 
notch made with the file. The wet paper casings will 



16 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 




^fc 








Fig. 9. 

keep the crack from spreading lengthwise of the glass 
tubing, so that a tap on the glass generally breaks it 
ofif squarely at the desired point. 

Boring Leather. 

To bore smooth holes in leather, asbestos or other 
soft materials, clamp the leather between two pieces 
of wood or zinc and bore through them all with a 
carpenter's bit. To locate the hole accurately, punch 
a fine hole in the leather first with a nail or awl ; drill 
holes of about the same size in each piece of wood and 
slip a nail or drill through all three to hold them in 
line while clamping them together. Then withdraw 
the nail and use the small pilot hole as a guide for cen- 
tering the desired larger hole. 

To bore through narrow strips of leather or the 
like, fold a piece of sheet metal (iron, or better zinc) 
over the leather; hammer it flat and bore with an 
ordinary twist drill. 

Fire-extinguisher Solution. 

Almost any method of applying carbon dioxid (so- 
called carbonic acid gas) to a fire is effective in 
extinguishing it, hence a stream from a seltzer bottle 
or a soda-water tank often does good work. For 
emergency uses, jars filled with a solution of sodium 
bicarbonate (often called '* acid carbonate of soda ") 
is better than clear water. In cold weather, glycerin 
may be added to it to keep it from freezing. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 17 

Battery Solution. 

Instead of offering sal ammoniac as the chemical 
for use in ordinary wet batteries for bell and annun- 
ciator work, a German battery firm advises mixing the 
sal ammoniac with a little calcium oxychlorid, claim- 
ing that this gives better results. 

Fireproofing Wood. 

Mix 25 parts barium sulphate (often called " heavy 
spar '* or '' barites "), with 1 part zinc oxid, 1 part sili- 
cate of soda and 20 parts water. The mixture makes 
a white paint which needs to be stirred often to keep 
the heavier ingredients from settling. Apply with a 
brush and repeat every fifteen minutes (or in damp 
weather every half hour) until the coating no longer 
soaks in rapidly. 

Waterproofing Wood. 

To 10 parts of glue in a thick solution add 5 parts 
of boiled linseed oil and 1 part of litharge. Cook for 
ten minutes and apply hot. When the coating cools 
the oil and litharge form a waterproof compound, and 
the glue holds this to the wood. The mixture can be 
used for waterproofing any kind of a wooden vessel 
but will not stand the action of lye. 

Bending Copper Tubing. 

If bends are to be made in copper tubing, be sure 
to draw the temper first by heating them and allowing 
them to cool slowly. Then fill the tube either with 
melted resin, or (in the case of large tubes) with fine 
sand. If sand is used, this should be rammed tight, 
and in either case both ends should be tightly closed 
with wooden plugs. Then the bending can be done 
over any convenient object having the right diameter, 
2 



18 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



or over a wood block whittled out for the purpose. 
Spoiled bends are usually due either to having the 
tube itself too hard or brittle, to not ramming the sand 
properly, or to using too coarse a sand for the filling. 

Channeling Babbit Bearings. 

To make a handy cutting tool for cutting the oil 
channels in babbited bearings, take a piece of ^-inch 



^z. 




Fig. 10. 

round tool steel 6 inches long and bevel the end as 
shown in the cut. The angle at the cutting point 
should be somewhat less than a right angle (Fig. 10). 

A Four-handled File. 
Where timbers are too large to be easily cut with 
an ordinary hand saw, it has for ages been customary 




Fig. II. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 19 

to use a two-handled saw. Similar conditions are 
sometimes found in smoothing or trimming iron or 
steel, conditions where a power grinder is not avail- 
able while the ordinary hand file would be too slow. 
In such cases a four-handed file as here pictured by us 
will do quick work. It is made by fastening a broad, 
flat file to one edge of a long block fitted v/ith a pair 
of handles so that two men can pull it back and forth. 

Packing Hooks. 

Take any size shoe button-hook and straighten out 
the hook and file small end down to a sharp point, then 
bend this end in angle as per sketch and you have a 
small but convenient packing hook for brass valve 
stems. 




Fig. 12. 
packing hooks. 

The small upper hook in cut is made from a 3-inch 
shoe button-hook, and the lower hook from a 5-inch 
button-hook. 

Removing Water from Compressed Air. 

In the plant where I am employed we were troubled 
with water in the compressed-air line from which we 



20 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Hose connect'onv, 




^ 



*e 



ipe 



^—6' 



3' 




PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 21 



run pneumatic hammers and drillers. To prevent this, 
we built a separator as per sketch herewith (Fig. 13), 
which we have now used for two years with good 
results. 

Enlarging Holes at the Bottom. 

Paradoxical as it may seem, it is perfectly feasible 
to bore a hole which will be larger at the bottom than 




Fig. 14. 

DRILLS FOR ENLARGING HOLES AT THE BOTTOM. 

Dotted lines in Fig. 14 show shape of the pointed pilot hole which guides the 

enlarging drill. 



22 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



at the opening, so as to form an enlarged chamber into 
which an anchoring head can be expanded. To do this, 
a cylindrical hole is first bored to the desired depth 
with a drill ground to a sharp taper so that the angle 
at the point is less than a right angle. Then a special 





Fig. is. 



Fig. i6. 



drill is forged with a similar point set over so as to 
come in line with the edge of the shank, and with a 
cutting wing on the side opposite this. The cutting 
wing is shaped according to the desired form of the 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 23 

enlarged chamber, the most popular shapes being 
shown in our cut. Both the lower edge and the side 
of the wing must be ground to do the cutting, but the 
pointed tip must be a smooth cone, as it is to do the 
guiding. Of course the total width of the drill across 
the extreme part of the wing must be a trifle less than 
the diameter of the pilot hole. In using the enlarging 
drill, when this is slipped down into the smoothly- 
bored hole the tip will be out of center, and when it 
strikes the conical part at the bottom of the hole this 
will gradually guide the drill outward until the pointed 
tip, which should have the same shape as the original 
drill, strikes the bottom. 

Softening Tempered Steel. 

Instead of drawing the temper out of steel by heat- 
ing it and letting it cool very slowly, German me- 
chanics save time by using water. The steel is brought 
to a red heat and plunged into water when the dark 
red is just barely visible in a rather dark place. 

A High-tension Knife Switch. 

Fig. 17 shows an improvised, but practical, high- 
tension knife switch, made of an ordinary porcelain 
line insulator, a pipe-reducing coupling, nipple and 
solder. The only tools necessary are a file, hack saw 
and breast drill. Switches of this description were 
used by me on a 2,200-volt three-phase lighting line 
for the Madeira-Mamore Refrigerating Company, Rio 
Madeira, Brazil, and I think that it will be of interest 
and use to some of your readers. 

A reducing coupling of sufficient size to slip well 
over the top of insulator should be used, as a small 
coupling will not allow the solder to run down far 
enough to hold it on when switch is inverted. The 






'^/y^r 







Fig. 17. 

HIGH-TENSION KNIFE SWITCH. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 25 

copper strips used as jaws and lug were made of %- 
inch bus copper. These pieces were cut out and riv- 
eted together before placing in the slot cut in the 
nipple. Care must be taken to have the opening 
between the jaws of such width that the blade of 
switch will fit snug, otherwise arcing will take place 
and the blade will burn fast, making the device use- 
less as a switch. After screwing the nipple into the 
coupling as far as it will go, saw a slot v/ide enough 
to take the switch jaws. It is well to make this slot 
about %6 inch or %2 inch larger than the width of jaws, 
so that they will slip in without using force, as this 
would very likely force the upper ends together and 
prevent the blade from entering. Place jaws in slot 
and reducing coupling over top of insulator and pour 
solder between sides of jaws and nipple until the 
coupling and nipple are filled. Then allow to cool. 
Do not throw cold water on it, as this will crack the 
insulator. Before pouring the solder, wrap waste or 
twine around the top groove of insulator, so that solder 
will not run out the bottom. 

The blade is also made of %-mQh bus copper, ^ 
inch wide. Rivet one end of blade so that it will turn 
without much pressure. The other end should be 
allowed to project beyond the terminal about 3 inches. 
Bore a ^-inch hole y^ inch from the end, so that hook 
may be inserted to operate switch. 

In order that the switch shall work properly, care 
must be taken to have the terminals exactly in line. 

A number of these switches were used both in the 
station and on poles, and gave entire satisfaction. 

To Test the Polarity of Wires. 

If no compass or other polarity indicator is at 
hand, run a tap down from one wire into a glass tum- 
bler (as shown in Fig. 18) partly filled with water. 



26 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



From the other wire run a tap to an incandescent 
lamp and from this to the same glass of water, being 
careful to keep the ends separated. Then the bubbles 
given off at one tap show it to be connected to the 



/»&yo^/.amf>'. *^ 



^oi^^io — teg. 



Fig. i8. 

POLARITY TESTER. 










negative wire. The lamp is important as a resistance, 
otherwise you would have a short-circuit which might 
cause some damage. 



A Home-made Electric Toaster. 

To make an electric toaster (as shown in Figs. 19 
and 20) for use on a 110-volt circuit, take a piece of 




Fig. 19. 

ELECTRIC TOASTER. 

J^-inch asbestos board, 6 by 8 inches. Bend two feet 
for it out of strips of iron (I used No. 20 gauge, 1 inch 
wide) and rivet these to the asbestos. On the latter 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 27 



wind 40 feet of No. 24 resistance wire, being careful 
not to have the successive turns touch each other. 
Screw the feet to a wooden base 6 by 12 inches, cov- 
ered with asbestos, and fasten a couple of binding- 
posts to this base. You can get the posts from worn- 
out dry batteries. Punch four holes through the 







Fig. 20. 

ELECTRIC TOASTER. 

asbestos board and insert in each a double-ended loop 
of No. 14 iron wire, the loops at each end being large 
enough to slip over a piece of glass rod 8 inches long. 
When in use, the bread rests against these glass rods, 
which keep it from damaging the red-hot resistance 
wire. 

A Simple Water Test. 

When you become suspicious of the water which 
you are using, it will often save time if you make the 
following simple test: Place a small quantity of the 
water in a clean dish and evaporate it. If a sediment 
remains after the water has been evaporated you may 
have some grounds for your suspicions. This is not 
a delicate test, nor does it determine the exact nature 
of the impurities in the water, but it does show whether 
or not the water is harmfully impure in a general way. 



28 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Cutting Mica. 

Oil does not answer as a lubricant for tools when 
working either glass or mica. Use turpentine for both. 

Bending Heavy Lead Cables. 

To make a bending wrench (as shown in Fig. 21) 
for use with large cables, take a 2-foot length of 
planking, 2 by 6 inches, and saw a slot about 3 inches 
from one end. The slot should be 3 inches deep, a 




Fig. 21. 

BENDING WRENCH. 



trifle wider than the thickness of the cable and 
rounded at both sides so as not to expose sharp cor- 
ners to the cable. Insert a J4 by 6% inch bolt in each 
jaw to keep the wood from splitting, and shave the 
other end of the piece to form a handle. In using the 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



29 



bending wrench, slip it over the cable and slide it 
along the same slightly after eacH pull on the wrench, 
so as to make the bend a gradual one. 

Charging Storage Batteries on a 5S0-volt Circuit. 

This is easily done (as shown in Fig. 22) by using 
incandescent lamps in series with the battery so as to 
reduce the voltage. Use lamps of 100 volts each in 




Fig. 22. 

TO CHARGE STORAGE BATTERIES. 

series of five, being sure to have the lamps in each 
group of the same candle-power and current consump- 
tion. The lamps may be of sixteen, thirty-two, or even 
higher candle-power. The higher they are in candle- 
power (and therefore in the current which passes 
through them at full voltage) the greater will the 
charging current be for the battery. 

To Measure an Inaccessible Pulley. 

In figuring on the speed needed for changes in 
machinery, it is sometimes important to get the size 
of a pulley high up on a shaft where it is difficult to 



30 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



get at it without stopping the machinery. To avoid 
such a shutting down, nail a couple of boards trans- 
versely to the end of a long stick (as in Fig. 23), leav- 
ing a sufficient gap between the two boards to span 
the shaft. Reach up with this forked stick, slip it 
over the shaft and press the faces of the boards against 




Fig. 2:^^. 

TO MEASURE PULLEY. 

the edge of the pulley while it is running. The fric- 
tion will cause the edge of the pulley to char a ring 
on the face of the boards which can easily be meas- 
ured. 

To Keep Tools from Rusting. 

There are numerous " slushing " liquids on the 
market which are fine for keeping tools from rusting 
and often more effective than grease, as it is often 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



31 



hard to get the grease to all parts of the tools. If 
none is at hand, stir ordinary vaseline with enough 
gasoline to dissolve it, then apply the mixture with 
a cloth or brush. The gasoline soon evaporates, leav- 
ing the tools coated with a thin film of the vaseline. 
Of course neither the gasoline nor the mixture just 
mentioned must be used near any fire or flame. 

Putting Wick in a Torch. 

Unscrew the spout and start one end of a bundle 
of wicking through it. Fetch this end around and 
fasten it to the wicking as shown at A (Fig. 24). Now 



-B 




Fig. 24. 



pull the wicking as shown by the arrow until you 
have the desired thickness in the spout. Then cut it 
off at B and C, being sure to leave the end C long 
enough to coil up in the bottom of the torch. 



32 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Babbitted Bearings. 

In rebabbitting bearings, care should be taken to 
round off the outer ends of the babbitt. If this is left 
sharp-cornered, any tilt of the shaft in the bearing 




Fig. 2S. 




Fig. 26. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



33 



(as when the shaft is sprung) will make the shaft bear 
against the corners of the bearing, as exaggerated in 
Fig. 25. Consequently there will be grooves worn into 
the shaft at each end of the bearing which will prevent 
the shaft from afterward sliding back and forth to 
avoid cutting. The ends of the bearings should there- 
fore be rounded off as in Fig. 26. 

Grooving Babbitted Bearings. 

Instead of digging out the oil grooves or channels 
in babbitt bearings with a tool, these can be cast in 
the metal by wrapping heavy twine around the man- 




Fig. 27. 

drel or core. If a soft cord is used it will hug the core 
closely, and by tying it to each end of the core it can 
be doubled back so as to form cross grooves as in 
Fig. 27. 

Cleaning Marble. 

In working in corridors lined with marble it is 
often difficult to avoid spotting the marble. Soap 
usually makes matters worse, as marble should be 
cleaned with clear, hot water. If this does not remove 
the spots, apply freshly slacked lime with a brush, 
letting it dry. Rub off the dried lime after two or 
three days and repeat the application if some of the 
spotting still shows. 



34 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Furnace Tool Racks. 

Instead of trying to fasten a lot of hooks into the 
solid walls where it is difficult to secure them firmly 



Fig. 28. 



and closely spaced, fasten the hooks to an iron or steel 
band (Fig. 28) and secure this to the wall. This 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



35 



method has the added advantage that the whole group 
of hooks can easily be moved to some other point if 
desired. 

Testing Files for Sharpness. 

To find out which of two flat files is the sharper, lay 
a flat piece of metal (or flat-sided block) across both 
files with the tips of the files butting against a heavy 




Fig. 29. 

block on the bench. Then raise both files gradually 
as in Fig. 29, and note off which the metal piece slips 
first. This will be the duller of the two. 



Signaling to a Distant Pump. 

The pumping station at the Missouri State Sani- 
tarium is 1,600 feet from the power-house, the pump 
being motor-driven and the starting box being in the 
power-house. To signal the fireman when to start the 
pump, I have arranged the following: I ran a wire 
from the conductor in which the rheostat is inserted 
out to an incandescent lamp and then to a good 



36 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



mm. 



WM 



Q 



05 



a 



o 

CO 

d 




PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 37 

ground,* being careful to connect the lamp between 
the rheostat and the switchboard. Then on the op- 
posite wire at the station I made a similar connection 
through a lamp to the ground, but inserted a switch 
between the lamp and the ground. When the switch 
is closed both lights will burn in series, and the fire- 
man seeing the light will start the pump. In case of 
any trouble it is easy to flicker the light by closing 
and opening the switch in rapid succession so as to 
give a " shut-down " signal. Two lamps are used in 
series, as this is a 220-volt (three-wire) circuit. On 
a 110-volt circuit the lamp at the pumping station 
would be omitted. 

Simple Copper Gasket, 

To make a gasket that will be unusually durable, 
even in the steam chest or cylinder head, take a piece 
of copper wire, say No. 10 or No. 12. Bend it into a 
circle to fit inside the bolts and cut off just enough 
for a complete circle. Solder the ends together and 
set up the plate. It will leak at first, but if you tap 
the cover sharply all around, so as to flatten the wire 
circle, and then set up the studs again, it will leak 
less. Then another round of hammer taps and another 
tightening up should make it steam-tight. 

To Keep Glue from Cracking. 

The cracking of glue is due to excessive dryness, 
hence some ingredient is needed which will absorb 
moisture from the air and counteract the drying. A 
little chloride of lime added to the glue is said to do 
this. 



(^Editor's Note. — The advisability of having any 
connection between such a circuit and the ground, 
even if only for momentary signaling, is questionable. 



38 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Emergency Pipe Wrenches, 

Three makeshift pipe wrenches are so useful in 
emergencies (where no pipe wrench is available when 
pipes need to be either tightened or unscrewed) that 




\n 





Fig. 31. 



every engineer and mechanic should be familiar with 
the same. For small piping a strip of emery cloth can 
be doubled over the same, with the emery toward the 
pipe, and then grasped with pliers as in Fig. 31. The 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



39 



roughness of the emery gives the needed grip. If no 
strong pliers are at hand, slip a strip of wood on each 
side of the projecting emery strips and clamp these 
between the jaws of a monkey wrench. 

For finishing piping, such as polished brass or 
nickeled tubing, use the same method with a leather 
strip, turning the rough side of the leather toward the 
pipe. 

For moderate sizes of pipes, slip an old round file 
into the corner between the pipe and the jaw of a 
monkey wrench as in Fig. 32. On turning the wrench, 




Fig. S2. 



the file will try to roll on the pipe, getting a grip on 
the same. 

For large pipes, use a rough rope such as hemp or 
manila, choosing an unused one if possible, as the new 
rope has the more rough and projecting fibers. Double 
the rope on itself, slip another piece of pipe through 
the loop and wrap the rope several times around the 
pipe which is to be turned (as in Fig. 33). Then pull 
tightly on the loose ends of the rope with one hand, 
while using the purchase on the extra piece of piping 
to do the needed turning. On heavy pipes, chain or 
wire rope can be used instead of rope and the ends 
can be anchored to a beam or wall. 



40 PRACTICAL KIxXKS AND RECIPES. 




3- 



Fig. 33. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 41 

Cementing Rubber to Metal. 

Dissolve shellac in ten times its weight of concen- 
trated ammonia and let the solution stand for three 
days before using it. 

To Remove Broken Screws. 

Save the tang ends of broken files, which come in 
handy for this purpose. When a screw has been 
broken off, drill a small hole into the stub of the screw 




Fig. 34. 

and drive the tang of a file into it. Then grasp the file 
with a wrench to turn it and thereby run out the 
screw. (Fig. 34.) 

To Keep Dry Batteries from Short-circuiting. 

When a number of dry batteries are placed closely 
together in a damp place, the moisture is apt to soak 
through the paper covering, making an electrical con- 
nection between the zinc casings. To avoid this, re- 
move the cardboard casings and wrap a double layer 
of friction tape (ordinary bicycle repair tape) around 
each dry cell near the top and near the bottom. Also 
stretch two double layers of the tape along the shelf 
about an inch and a half apart. This will insulate the 
cells from the shelf in case the latter gets damp, while 
the tape bands will keep the casings from coming into 
contact with each other even if set close together. 



42 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



To Guide Nails in Cramped Places. 

In millwrighting, as in general building repair 
work, it is sometimes necessary to drive nails in 




Fig. 35. 

cramped places where they can not readily be held 
with the hand to insure their being driven straight. In 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



43 



such cases, take a short piece of gas piping, say a ^- 
inch size, and get a slightly longer length of a steel or 
iron rod that will slip loosely into the piping. Drop 
the nail into the pipe, sliding the rod behind it and use 
the pipe to guide the nail while you hammer on the 
end of the rod as in Fig. 35. 

A Double-quick Socket Wrench. 

Where many lag screws or bolts of one and the 
same size are to be inserted, socket wrenches as per 
our cut save a good deal of time over the monkey or 





Fig. 3^. 

S-wrenches and cost very little. If the screws drive 
hard, saw off the projecting handle parts and file the 
adjoining portion to a taper to fit an ordinary carpen- 
ter's bit brace ; then use this to drive the screws home 
in double-quick time. 

Bluing Steel Pieces. 

Dissolve five parts of saltpetre in two parts of alco- 
hol and add enough water to thin the solution so that 



44 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

it will just drip nicely off a clean steel piece without 
leaving a deposit or crust. The steel pieces to be blued 
must be freshly brightened, as the solution will not 
act on old, oxidized or greasy surfaces. The best plan 
is to brighten them (as with a wire brush) and to 
remove the grease or oil either by dipping in benzine 
or by boiling in a solution of caustic soda. Then rub 
dry with clean sawdust before dipping into the bluing 
solution, which should be hot. Leave in the latter a 
few minutes, then rinse well with water. The result- 
ing blue tint is said to be durable and to withstand 
considerable handling. 

Working Rubber. 

Oil tends to rot rubber, hence should never be 
brought into contact with rubber under any condition. 
The proper lubricant for use on either hard or soft 
rubber is clear water. In drilling or tapping hard 
rubber pieces which are likely to crack, the breakage 
can be greatly reduced by first soaking the pieces in 
hot water and working them while still moist. But 
for this they must be of a good grade of rubber, other- 
wise the moistening will make them swell and lose 
their shape. 

Cementing Asbestos to Tin or Iron. 

Mix 2 parts of flowers of sulphur with 3 parts of 
white lead and 1 part of powdered borax. Clean the 
surface of the iron or tin carefully and coat it with 
strong sulphuric acid. Then apply the powdered mix- 
ture, lay the asbestos sheet on it and keep it tightly 
pressed for at least five days. As this cement does not 
contain any organic matter, such as is always found 
in glues or mucilages, it will stand a fair amount of 
heating. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 45 

To Bend Tubing. 

In heating tubing which is to be bent, remember 
that the outside of the bend has to do most of the 
stretching, while the inner part may do Httle or none. 
Therefore the heating should be one-sided, the tube 
being so held in a flame that one edge of it gets much 
hotter than the other and then placed with the cooler 
edge against the pin or form around which it is to be 
bent. To keep the tubing from collapsing or flattening 
while being bent, three methods are feasible: 

(1) Filling the tube with closely packed sand, 
which can afterward be shaken out, or with a thick 
wax-like asphaltum which can be melted out. 

(2) Inserting a spiral spring a trifle smaller in 
diameter than the bore of the tubing. This has long 
been the practice of plumbers when making bends in 




Fig. zt, 

lead water pipes, but works equally well with thin 
brass tubing, and, where many such bends have to be 
made out of the same size of tubing, it will pay to 
wind a spiral spring of the right size for insertion in it. 
(3) Inserting a flexible core built up of steel or 
iron wires : Take a bundle of steel or iron wires of the 
right size to almost equal the bore of the tube in 
diameter and solder them together with the inner 
ones projecing at one end so as to make a pointed end, 
leaving the other ends loose. The tapered end makes 



46 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



this core easier to push through the tubing after the 
bend is made, particularly if the core is well rubbed 
with tallow or graphite before it is inserted. 

Plaster of Paris. 

To make plaster of paris harden or set quickl)^, add 
about %5o as much sodium bisulphate, dissolving the 
latter in the water with which the plaster is mixed. 
This is also said to increase the strength of the plaster. 

Saving Hack Saw Blades. 

In sawing through thin tubing or thin sheets of 
hard materials, saw blades are easily broken because 
of the springing of the blade which allows it to twist 
and jam in the slot that is being sawed by it. The 




Fig. 38. 



chief reason for this is that in pushing the hack saw 
frame in the usual manner, the frame itself will spring, 
as shown in Fig. 38, thereby leaving the blade slack 
and free to cramp. To avoid this, reverse the saw in 
the frame so that the teeth will point toward the 
handle and use the saw as the Chinese do, by pulling 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



47 



it toward you instead of pushing it in the American 
fashion. This is all the more easily done if the handle 
is adjustable so that it can be set at right angles to 




Fig. 39. 

the saw, as in Fig. 4. Such a pulling motion stretches 
the blade as well as the frame taut, taking up any 
spring of the frame and avoiding the slack which is 
so largely responsible for breakages. 

Removing Old Packings. 

When packings have become charred or baked into 
a hard mass, it is usually difficult to remove them 
when cold without injuring the sliding rod or the 
stuffing box. In that case, uncap the stuffing box 
while still hot and dig out the packing while hot, when 
it is much easier to loosen. 



Fireproaf Cement for Iron. 

Take 15 parts iron filings, 5 parts powdered fire 
clay and 1 part common salt. Mix well and add 
enough diluted vinegar (5 parts water to one of strong 
vinegar) to make a thick paste. 



48 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

To Sharpen Files Chemically. 

Cook the old files in water to which a little or- 
dinary washing soda has been added, so as to remove 
the fat on them, and rinse them well. Dilute nitric 
acid by pouring a quarter pound of it slowly into four 
times its volume of cold water. Put this into a shallow 
earthen (or well enameled) pan and immerse the files 
into it for some minutes, the time varying with the 
size and condition of the files. Rinse well with clear 
water, dry in a warm place and rub slightly with a 
fine oil. 

To Cement Celluloid to Iron or Steel. 

Use strong acetic acid. Brush this over the cellu- 
loid and wait for fully half a minute so that it can 
soften the surface before pressing the celluloid against 
the metal. 

Etching Names On Steel Tools. 

Warm the steel sufficiently to melt a lump of or- 
dinary tallow or white wax placed on it and rub the 
latter over it so as to leave a thin film of wax on 
cooling. Mark the name through this wax with a 
scriber, being sure to scratch clear through the wax to 
the steel. Then rub strong nitric acid over it with a 
stick and let it stand for a few minutes. Wash off the 
surplus acid with water and rub the wax off with 
waste, warming the steel again if necessary. 

Removing Rust Electrically. 

What we call rust on iron or steel is a coating 
formed by the combining of the iron with oxygen, 
which coating is apt to form in the presence of mois- 
ture. Since the obnoxious color of the rust is due to the 
oxygen in the mixture, any method which will decom- 
pose the rust so as to set the oxygen free will leave the 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 49 

bright metal. Now it is well known that when two 
terminals of an electric circuit are dipped into water, 
hydrogen is set free at one of these terminals and 
oxygen at the other; therefore, what we need to do is 
to have the rusty metal form the terminal at which the 
oxygen is given off, that is, the '' cathode." Pure water 
is a poor conductor of electricity, hence one-fourth of 
its volume of ordinary sulphuric acid should be slowly 
poured into the water. Adding the acid heats the 
water and this should be allov/ed to cool before insert- 
ing the terminals which would consist of the rusty 
pieces as cathodes and a piece of lead or lead pipe as 
the anode. 

Cement. 
For Leather to Iron. — Rub ordinary lampblack 
over the leather with a rag so as to give the leather a 
thin black coating. Soften a good grade of glue in 
cold water, add a little vinegar and warm the mass 
slightly. When the glue has dissolved, add to the solu- 
tion one-third as much oil of turpentine and stir the 
mixture well. Apply this mixture to the iron or steel 
with a brush, then lay the blackened leather on it and 
press the two tightly together, keeping them clamped 
until the glue has set. 

Batteries. 

To Clean Carbon Electrodes. — When a battery car- 
ban has long been in use in a sal ammoniac solution 
with zinc as the other electrode, its pores become 
clogged with the zinc salt formed as a by-product of 
the chemical action by which the current is produced. 
This deposit, which clogs the carbon and interferes 
with its efficient service as one electrode of the battery, 
can not be removed by mere boiling in water. To get 
rid of it, set the carbon for a half hour into dilute 
sulphuric acid (prepared by pouring one part of the 

4 



50 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

acid slowly into four parts of water), then rinse thor- 
oughly. 

Another way of removing the deposit, said by some 
to be even more effective, consists in bringing the car- 
bon slowly to a dark red heat in a clear charcoal fire 
and letting it cool slowly in a warm oven. Then while 
still warm, the upper end (which has the binding post) 
is dipped into melted paraffin until well impregnated. 
When entirely cool, the zinc oxide which has been 
brought to the surface of the carbon by the heating is 
removed with a wire brush and any paraffin which 
would prevent a good contact with the wire in the 
binding post is also scraped off. 

Etching Fluid for Glass. 

So-called etching inks or etching fluids for use on 
glass all depend upon hydrofluoric acid for their action, 
as other acids do not afifect glass. The glass itself must 
be clean and free from fatty substances, and the liquid 
used must be thick enough not to spread readily on 
glass, otherwise sharp lines can not be obtained with it. 
To make sure of this, it is best to try the fluid on scraps 
of glass before using it on work of any importance. 
Mix one part ammonium fluoride and three parts 
barium sulphate with enough sulphuric acid to make a 
thin paste. Apply with a quill toothpick or with a 
steel pen; if a pen is used, this must be new, as the 
liquid will rapidly corrode the steel. 

Liquid Metal Polish. 

Take one-half pound prepared chalk, three ounces 
turpentine, four ounces benzine, one ounce liquor of 
ammonia (concentrates). Mix these thoroughly, being 
careful to keep away from fire or gas jets, and shake 
well before using. Apply this liquid polish with a 
sponge, let it dry on the metal and rub to a polish with 
a flannel rag. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 51 

Laying out Angles without a Protractor. 

For laying out lines on either wood or metal, any 
workman can readily strike angles of 45, 90 and 135 
degrees by using his square and miter. Draftsmen also 
generally have 30° triangles which they can combine 
with the others so as to get angles of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 
90, 105, 120, 135, 150 and 165 degrees — just 15 degrees 
apart. For intermediate angles, the quickest way is to 
use a so-called " protractor,'' that is, a circular or semi- 
circular device graduated in degrees around its circum- 
ference. If no such instrument is available, the angle 
wanted can be obtained by laying out the nearest two 
of the above angles and dividing the part of the circum- 
ference between the two into fifteen parts with 
dividers. Thus, if an angle of twenty-two degrees is 
wanted, we can draw the fifteen and the thirty-degree 
lines with triangles ; then by stepping off fifteen small 
arcs around the part of the circle between the fifteen 
and thirty-degree lines and adjusting the dividers over 
and over again until we finally get the total to come 
out even, we can mark off the intervening single 
degrees. 

Now for every given angle, the outlines of the part 
of the circle enclosed by it have a fixed ratio to each 
other, so that there is a certain relation for each angle 
between the radius of the circle and the chord of the 
angle, the chord being the distance straight across 
between the points A and B. Thus, for an angle of 
sixty degrees this chord is exactly equal to the radius, 
for fifteen degrees it is .261 times the radius and so on. 
Multiplying the length of a given radius by decimals is 
tedious and so is the measuring of arcs in decimals 
when the only scales at hand are graduated in thirty- 
seconds or sixty-fourths of an inch. Hence the time- 
saving method for most men would be based on know- 
ing what easily measured chord corresponds to an 
easily measured radius for every given angle. Thus 



52 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



for an angle of one degree it is much easier to lay oflF 
a ^%4-inch chord on a circle drawn with a ten-inch 
radius, than to try and get the chord just .1745 inches 
long and the result is accurate enough for most pur- 
poses. Hence the following table, showing the approx- 
imate length of chords and radii corresponding to 
various angles, may often prove convenient : 



Angle. 


Radius 


V2 


7%2 


1 


7%2 


IJ^ 


42%2 


2 


7%2 


2>^ 


5^ 


3 


42%2 


3K 


4%2 


4 


7V% 


5 


S^A 


5K 


5%2 



Chord. 1 


Mei 


inch 


^' 


inch 


3^1 


inch 


J4 


inch 


Va 


inch 


M' 


inch 


^ = 


inch 


5^' 


inch 


/2l 


inch 


/3> 


inch 



Angle. 


Radius. 


Chord. 


6 


42%2 


J^ inch 


7 


8%6 


1 inch 


8 


7?46 


1 inch 


9 


6^ 


1 inch 


10 


534 


1 inch 


11 


5J4 


1 inch 


12 


4% 


1 inch 


13 


4%6 


1 inch 


14 


4>^ 


1 inch 


15 


3J^ 


1 inch 



While the table of the chord length corresponding 
to the length of the radius for any given angle makes 





Fig. 40. 



Fig. 41. 



a convenient method of striking small angles, there 
are certain angles which can be laid out without even 
such a table. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



53 



The best known of these, of course, are the angles of 
90° and 270° as laid out by using any right angle tri- 
angle. 

Then if both a 30° and a 45° triangle are at hand, 
these readily will enable you to lay out angles of 15, 
30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105°, etc., varying by just 15° from 
each other. 

Then by using the same compasses with which the 
circle was drawn, it is also easy to lay off an angle of 





Fig. 42. 



Fig. 43. 



72° (one-fifth of the total 360° in a circle), thus : Draw 
two diameters at right angles to each other through the 
center of the circle, as in Fig. 44, and bisect (that is, 
find the middle of) one radius as at a. Set the point of 
the compass at a and scribe an arc with the radius a b 
until it crosses the diameter. Then the distance from b 
to this point c at which the arc crosses the diameter 
wnll be the chord of an angle of 72° in this circle, so 
that this chord b d can be struck off with the com- 
passes. Now, since the right angle b e has 90°, angle 
d e will have 90 — 72, or 18°. 

By laying off these 18° and 72° angles and also lay- 
ing off other angle with the tvv^o draftsman's triangles 



54 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 




Fig. 44. 



used in Figs. 42 and 43, we can also get the following 
angles : 

3° (18° less 15°). 

12° (30° less 18°). 

27° (12° plus 15°). 

42° (60° less 18°). 

33° (45° less 12°). 

48° (60° less 12°). 

and so on. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 55 

To Color Brass Gray. — A German method of giving 
a gray tint to brass consists in dipping it into a solu- 
tion made as follows : Take an ounce of ordinary tar- 
tar emetic and stir it up with just enough muriatic acid 
to dissolve it ; then add one-third the volume of water. 

To Frost Brass. — To give brass a frosted appear- 
ance, which often makes a pleasing appearance on 
machinery parts, apply dilute sulphuric acid to which 
a little common salt has been added. The liquid should 
be dropped from a glass rod or a stick, and should 
bring out the frosted appearance in from one to two 
minutes. To get the strength right, try a little first on 
a loose piece of brass, adding more water if it acts too 
quickly, or more salt and acid if the action is too slow. 
After the frosted appearance shows on the brass, rinse 
this quickly in clear water and dry it well. 

Grindstones.— The old-fashioned grindstone on 
which water is used during the sharpening of tools 
sometimes shows soft spots or streaks after having 
been in use for some time. These may be due merely to 
leaving one edge of the stone to dip continuously into 
the water, as water will eventually soften the average 
stone, hence it is best to drain the water pan every 
evening. Or, the soft spots may be due to oil which 
soaks into the stone wherever it gets a chance and 
which, being a good lubricant, tends to make the tool 
slide over the stone instead of being ground by it. In 
this case, the oil can be removed by letting it soak into 
whiting. Mix powdered whiting to a thick paste with 
water, cover the oily parts of the grindstone with this 
paste and let it dry. Then scrape it ofif and apply fresh 
paste until all the oil has been drawn out of the stone. 

Where deep grooves have been gouged into stones 
by careless workmen, or through a sudden slipping of 
the piece that was being ground, this can be filled with 



56 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

ordinary cement by applying the latter mixed with 
water and letting it set hard before again using the 
stone. The difficulty with this plan lies in finding a 
cement of the same hardness as the rest of the stone, as 
high-grade (Portland) cements are usually much 
harder. 

Removing Old Paint. — To remove remnants of old 
paint from steel or iron work, apply the flame of an 
alcohol or gasoline torch to the paint long enough to 
blister and soften it so that it can be scraped off while 
hot. Or, daub the old paint with lye (or a solution of 
caustic soda), being careful not to get this on the 
hands or the clothing, and then scrape off the paint 
while thus softened. 

Cleaning Machine Parts. — When small machine 
parts (such as gears) are sticky with oil and dirt, put 
them into a kettle with enough water to cover them 
and add a tablespoonful of caustic soda per quart of 
water. Then heat the water either by setting the 
kettle over a flame or by sending steam through it 
from a pipe, being sure to have it boil for fully ten 
minutes. The caustic soda combines with the oil, 
forming a soap which readily dissolves in the hot 
water; while the stirring caused by the continued boil- 
ing loosens both this soap and the dirt formerly cling- 
ing with the oil to the metal parts. After ten minutes 
of this boiling, pour off the liquid, rinse the parts well 
in water and dry them. 

To Keep Tools from Rusting. — Melt half a pound 
of lard ; add a half ounce of camphor, stirring well and 
skimming off the scum ; then stir 3 ounces of finely 
powdered graphite into the melted lard and camphor. 
Clean the tools, wipe them dry and smear them with 
this hot mixture. After twenty-four hours any surplus 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



57 



of the grease on them can be wiped off with a cloth or 
clean waste. 

Pencil Sharpener for Draftsmen. — Everyone mak- 
ing mechanical drawings knows how hard it is to keep 
the pencil dust off the paper, even when using sand- 
paper or emery-paper mounted on wood blocks. A 




Fig. 45. 

better plan is to glue both coarse and fine emery-paper 
on a pair of sloping wood blocks tacked on a base with 
a groove between them into which the graphite can 
fall, so as to keep the desk or table clean. Its con- 
struction is clearly shown in the illustration (Fig. 45). 

Soldering cast iron is usually difficult. Clean the 
parts well with emery or with a file. Coat the portions 
which are to join with a soldering flux having a high 
proportion of zinc, and bind them together tightly with 
iron wire. Then pack the edges of the joint with a 
thick paste of borax and water. Put the assembled 



58 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

pieces into a clear charcoal fire and as soon as they 
pass a dark cherry heat, add finely divided solder and 
more borax. When the solder has run well throughout 
the joint, remove from the fire and let the joint cool 
slowly. Do not clean off the surplus solder until the 
piece is quite cold. 

Grease for Wire Ropes. — Melt together 10 parts 
tar, 10 parts pitch, 2j4 parts resin and 2^ parts tallow. 

Asbestos Cement. — Mix finely ground asbestos 
with a concentrated solution of silicate of soda to form 
a thick paste. This withstands the action of heat and 
of many acids. 

Belt Cement. — Have both leather parts clean. If 
they are fatty, lay them on a clean rag and set a hot 
flat iron on them so as to melt the fat which will be 
absorbed by the cloth. Mix 10 parts of carbon bi- 
sulphide with 1 part of turpentine and dissolve enough 
gutta percha (soft rubber) in the mixture to make a 
thin sirup. Coat the surfaces to be joined with this 
solution and keep them pressed together until the joint 
has set hard. This cement is said to work equally well 
with leather and rubber belts. 

To Tell Wrought Iron from Cast Iron. — Cast iron 
has a much higher percentage of carbon than wrought 
iron, hence any method of setting the surplus carbon 
free will serve to distinguish the cast iron. To do this, 
dilute a little nitric acid with three times as much 
water ; apply a drop of the diluted acid to the iron and 
wash it off after a few minutes. If the spot is white, 
the piece was wrought iron ; if black from the liberated 
carbon, it was cast iron. 

Cements for Linoleum. — (a) Melt 1 part of resin, 
add 4 parts of turpentine and apply while warm, (b) 
Melt 20 parts of powdered resin over a low flame. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 59 

Remove from the fire to cool it, but before it begins to 
harden add 5 parts of alcohol and 3 parts of castor oil. 

Hardening Baths for Tools. — The best tempera- 
ture for hardening tools is said to be between 60° and 
70° F. If the water is warmer than 70° it will not 
harden so well, while water below 60° is apt to make 
the steel brittle. If the water is too cold and is to be 
warmed by a jet of steam or hot water, it should be 
stirred well, as water conducts heat slowly and the 
temperature in it might be quite uneven. Adding acids 
or salts increases the rate at which water will conduct 
heat, and therefore that at which it will cool hot tools 
dipped into it; hence such additions to clear water 
increase the hardness of the temper. 

On the other hand, lime or clay will decrease the 
thermal conductivity of water and hence make it 
harden the steel less, the extreme being reached with 
soapsuds which will not harden most steels appre- 
ciably. For this reason taps which have been hardened 
from end to end may be reheated and dipped with their 
shanks into soapsuds to draw their temper. Oils and 
tallow give a moderate temper combined with great 
toughness, but are commonly used in too small a quan- 
tity to have the proper cooling effect. Intermediate 
tempers of all degrees can be obtained by varying the 
thickness of the layer of fat or oil floating on the 
water; the thinner the layer of oil or fat, the harder 
the temper, but also the greater the toughness. 

To Enlarge the Bore of Tubing.— If a tube is a 
little too small in its bore, a drill of the proper size may 
bind in it owing^to the , springing of the thin- walled 
tubing. In that case, plug the tube first with hard 
wood (the harder the better), then bore through wood 
and all. 



60 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Depth Gauge for Drills. — Instead of repeatedly 
withdrawing the drill and measuring the depth of a 
hole which is not to go entirely through a given piece, 
use a depth gauge made as per the illustration (Fig. 





Fig. 46. 



46), where C is a piece of sheet metal bent to a 
U-shaped section, with both ends slotted to slip over 
the shank of a long screw D. The latter is preferably a 
thumb-screw, slipping through a hole in the block A 
and tightened by a nut at the other side. The block 
may be of iron or brass, with a vertical hole in it for the 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 61 

depth gauge E which is held in place by a screw B. 
The slots in the strap C allow this gauge to be used 
with drills of various sizes. 

Batteries: Creeping of Sal Ammoniac. — Wet bat- 
teries usually have the upper part of the glass jars 
coated on the inside with paraffin, so as to keep the sal 
ammoniac in the solution from creeping over the top 
of the jar, thereby robbing the solution of its proper 
active strength. Where this has not been done, the 
same result can be obtained by greasing the inside of 
the neck well with tallow, or with a mixture of vaseline 
and tallow. Of course any sal ammoniac that has 
already deposited on the neck should first be scoured 
off with a moist cloth. 

Aluminum. 

Grinding and Polishing. — Swiss mechanics who have 
had long experience in working aluminum, report that 
they use sandpaper for grinding the same. For some 
pieces, the aluminum is kept moist with turpentine 
during the sandpapering. For polishing the aluminum 
articles, the same mechanics use dry sponges held on 
sticks or with pliers ; also strips of leather. 

Grind Tools Slowly. 

Haste in grinding tools rarely pays, as the tool is 
usually injured so that it will no longer hold its edge 
properly. By forcing the grinding you are apt to do 
one of two things, either of which will make the edge 
dull so much more quickly as to require repeated shar- 
penings which consume a great deal more time than 
would have been saved by being patient in the begin- 
ning : Either it will draw the temper in the tool, mak- 
ing the edge too soft to stand up to its proper work, or 
it will burn the edge and make it crumble. 



62 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Cementing Lapped Joints* 

In gluing or cementing the two tapered ends of a 
friction rim or the like, it is often difficult to hold these 
tightly in the desired position as they will tend to slide 




Fig. 47. 

away from each other. To avoid this, cut off a piece of 
cord a little longer than the width of the pieces that 
are to be joined and about half as thick. Now notch 
each of the scarfed surfaces to fit this cord, being sure 




Fig. 48. 

to have the point A of the notch sharp. Then the cord 
will keep the parts from sliding away from each other 
as long as they are pressed together flatwise, which is 
easily done. When the cement or glue has set, cut off 
the projecting ends of the cord. 



April Fool Spoons. 

If you have a surplus of a low fusing alloy (as often 
used for boiler plugs), hammer some into a thin sheet, 
cut it out and shape it into spoons. Finish these 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



63 



smooth with a fine file or emery paper. To try such an 
''April fool spoon " on a guest, lay the spoon in a 
cold saucer alongside of a cup of steaming hot tea. 
Then watch his or her face when the bowl of the spoon 
disappears as the tea is being stirred. 

/ Finding the Center of a Circle. 

Lay an ordinary (carpenter's) steel square across 
the circle so that the heel, A, just touches the circum- 
ference. Mark the points, BD, at which the outer 
edges of the square cross the circle. A line connecting 




Fig. 49. 



these points will be a diameter, which you can easily 
measure to locate its middle point, C, — the center of 
the circle. This plan works wherever you have at least 
half of the circumference of the circle. If you have less 
than half of the circle, but more than a quarter of it, 



64 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



hold the steel square against the outer edge of the circle 
and mark on the square the points E and F at which it 
touches the circle. Now turn the square with its heel 
into the circle and slide it so that both of the marked 
points come at the circumference of the circle. Then 





' ^ 


^^ — r— - 


r* 


/^ [ 


V 


— J,, 




I 



Fig. 50. 

the inner corner of the square will mark the center of 
the circle, for the simple reason that you are practically 
completing the square, E D F C (Fig. 50), in which the 
lines E C and F C are radii of the circle and therefore 
must meet at its center. 

Cement for Marble. 

If a broken marble slab is streaky in color, plaster 
of paris would be apt to show badly if used for mend- 
ing it, but sealing wax can often be obtained in a color 
to match the streaking. Warm the marble, heat the 
wax and pour or drop it along the joint, then press the 
parts together and hold or clamp them till the wax has 
cooled. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 65 

Boring Holes in Rubber. 

Owing to its elasticity, soft rubber tries to stretch 
out of the way of the drill, so that it can not be drilled 
like wood or metal. To bore through flat sheets, clamp 
them between two blocks of wood and use a wood bit. 
If an accurate centering of the hole is needed, punch a 
fine hole in the rubber with a nail or scriber, and bore 
a hole of the same size through the two blocks. Then 
center the rubber between the blocks by slipping a nail 
through the holes and use the hole in the wood to guide 
the larger drill. 

Where accuracy as to the size of the hole is not 
required, take a drill two or three sizes larger than the 
hole to be bored, and run the drill at high speed. The 
larger size of the drill is needed to compensate the 
stretching of the rubber. 

To Loosen Tight Wood Screws. 

If a wood screw refuses to budge when you try to 
withdraw it with a screw-driver, heat the tip of an 
ordinary stove poker (or other convenient tool) red 




Fig. 51. 

hot and hold the hot tip against the screw for half a 
minute. This will soften the gum or glue that is hold- 
ing the screw, so that it then can easily be withdrawn. 
5 



66 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Drawing Bolts Out of Timbers. 

When a long bolt has a washer under the head, this 
washer can be used as a clutch for gripping the shank 
of the bolt when gradually forcing it out with an 
ordinary monkey-wrench, even if the bolt is wedged 
tightly. In that case, withdraw the bolt a little ways 




Fig. 52. 



by wedging a cold chisel or similar tool under the 
washer until the edge of the latter allows you to slip 
the jaw of a monkey-wrench under it. Then tilt the 
wrench back so that it will rock on the back of the 
head, thereby forcing the washer away from the tim- 
ber through which the bolt passes. Swinging the 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 67 

wrench parallel to the bolt again, allows the washer 
to slip on the bolt for a new hold, and by repeating 
the action even an obstinate bolt can be withdrawn 
in a short time. If the timber is so soft that the edge 
of the wrench dents it, place another washer or any 
strip of hard metal under the wrench. , 

Keep Tools from the Sun. 

Continued exposure to bright sunlight is said to 
spoil the sharp edge of tools having keen edges. Ex- 
perienced buyers therefore avoid the show tools which 
have been exposed in store windows and which may 
need to be retempered before they will properly hold 
their edges. 

Keeping Tools Dry. 

A little unslaked lime placed in an open tin can 
inside a tool chest is said to absorb the moisture in the 
chest so as to keep the tools from rusting. Of course 
the lime must be replaced occasionally, but costs very 
little. 

Strengthening Chisel Handles. 

If the handle of a wood chisel or gauge threatens to 
split, wrap it with ** friction tape '' — the kind used by 
electricians and bicycle repair men. The strength and 
stickiness of such tape makes it useful in many ways 
and it pays to have a roll of it handy, but it must be 
kept in a moderately moist place. 

To Anneal Brass or Copper. 

Heat it to a red heat and dip quickly into cold 
water. Continued hammering or bending makes brass 
or copper hard and brittle, so if much work has to be 
done on a piece of either, the piece should be softened 
or " annealed " occasionally by heating it and then 
suddenly cooling it. 



68 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Clock Dial as a Compass. 

An old clock dial — the larger the better — can be 
used instead of a compass for locating directions, pro- 
vided the hands are still accurately connected to the 
train of gears. To make sure of this, turn the hands 
till the hour hand points exactly to the middle of some 
numeral and adjust the minute hand (if necessary) to 




Fig. 53. 



point exactly to XII. Place the clock horizontally on 
a floor or table, leveling it in both directions and slid- 
ing it so that the shadow of a plumb line (or of the 
edge of a plumb window) will just graze the pivot. 
Now turn the clock so that the hour hand will point 
exactly toward the sun (that is, toward the plumb line 
or edge of the window). Then a line midway between 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 69 

this hour hand and the numeral XII on the dial will 
point north and south. Even where a compass is at 
hand, this method may prove more accurate whenever 
there are large masses of iron near by (such as ma- 
chinery of any kind) which would deflect the compass. 

Polishing Aluminum. 

First smooth the surface by using No. 2 emery 
paper dampened (but not wet) with kerosene, drawing 
the emery back and forth and frequently wiping off the 
loosened slime. Repeat with finer emery till the 
desired finish appears. For a high polish, rub a little 
wax on emery paper, then dampen with kerosene and 
proceed as before; after which, use rouge on a piece 
of leather. If much polishing of this kind is to be done 
in a lathe, dampen a piece of flannel with a mixture of 
vaseline and kerosene and press it against the rotating 
piece. 

To Keep Windows From Freezing. 

First clean the panes thoroughly and wipe them 
dry. Dissolve an ounce of glycerin in a pint of alcohol 
(denatured alcohol is the cheaper) and add a little 
amber oil to improve the fragrance. Let the solution 
stand until it clears, then rub it over the inside of the 
window panes with leather or a hard cloth. This 
treatment of the windows does not cost much and 
often reduces complaints made about insufficient heat- 
ing by storekeepers whose grievance is founded only 
on the obscuring of their show windows. 

Tempering Small Drills. 

Jewelers often harden fine drills by heating them to 
a cherry red and then plunging the tip into a raw 
potato. 



70 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Boring Through Marble. 

If holes are to be drilled in marble use a flat drill 
and run it at low speed. For holes of any consider- 
able size, it is always best to bore a small pilot hole 
first and then to follow with the larger drill. 

Babbitt-metal Substitute. 

In emergencies, lignum vitse makes a fair substitute 
for babbitt metal in a small bearing; but, of course, it 
will not stand as high a degree of heat. 

Vise Work. 

For convenience in holding irregular pieces in a 
vise, save your half-round files when they are worn 
out. Grind the flat surface until it no longer will 
scratch readily and cut it into lengths which will reach 
from the top of the vise jaw to the top of the slide, 



r^fAh 



■Aaju- 



-^m/'— 1 



Vise Jdw, 




Irre^ularla SVjopecl Vl 



ece. 



Vise Jaw. 

r ^ J\/\l\^ ^V— 



Fig. 54. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



71 



letting it stand on the slide to avoid its dropping out. 
Then the old scrap of a file makes a handy wedge 




Fig. 55. 



wv^ 



block for use in clamping objects that have an irregu- 
lar outline or that have the opposite sides sloping 
toward each other, as shown in Figs. 54 and 55. 



Adhesive Coatings For Belts. 

(a) Adhesive Varnish. — Belt users diflfer widely 
in their views as to the best means of treating belts so 
as to obtain the greatest amount of adhesion to the 
pulley and hence the maximum power transmission. 
Austrian power users claim to have secured the best 
results by using a varnish prepared as follows : Mix 
250 parts of pine pitch and 150 parts of resin with 100 
parts of oil of turpentine and 500 parts of denatured 
alcohol. The resulting varnish dries rapidly and 
remains sticky enough to increase the adhesion with- 
out reducing the pliability of the belt. 

(b) Belt Grease. — On the other hand, some 
prominent German authorities on leather claim that 



72 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

the use of any varnish (even though of harmless con- 
stituents like the above mixture) will reduce the life 
of the belt and will, in time, make it less adhesive than 
it would be if merely treated with a grease which oils 
the layers of the belt. Their contention is that a clean 
belt surface has ample adhesive power in itself, pro- 
vided that the interior of the belt is so well lubricated 
that the layers of leather can bend easily upon each 
other and hence lie close to the pulley. Thus one of 
the tannery experts of the German government, Fritz 
Kornacher, advises that the belt be first soaked in luke- 
warm v/ater to loosen the dirt so that this can be 
scraped and brushed off. Then the belt is dried in the 
air until both surfaces are dry, whereupon it is coated 
with a mixture of one part of tallow and two parts of 
either whale oil or fish oil. After this treatment, the 
belt is dried in a m.oderately warm place until it is no 
longer greasy to the touch. 

This greasing allows the fats to soak into the belt- 
ing so as to oil the spaces or interstices between the 
fibers which rub on each other when the belt bends 
over the pulleys ; such oiling acts like any other lubri- 
cation in reducing the wear, and therefore lengthens 
the life of the belt. If the belt were entirely dry before 
the greasy mixture is applied, the fat might soak clear 
through the leather, making the belt too slippery and 
soft. For this reason a belt should always be soaked 
or moistened again before applying another coating of 
the grease. If the application is intended both to 
soften the belt and to make it adhesive, the addition of 
resin adds this adhesiveness, but at the risk of some- 
what shortening the life of the leather. For this pur- 
pose the grease can be made by melting together 
5 pounds of tallow, 4^ pounds of castor oil, J4 pound 
of resin and J4 pound of fish oil. The resulting mix- 
ture should be cooled before applying it, otherwise it 
may injure the fiber of the belting. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



73 



Reducing the Speed of a Motor. 

In an emergency the speed of a motor can be 
reduced considerably below its normal by inserting a 
resistance in the field circuit. I did this with a 35 
horse-power shunt-wound " Northern " motor which 
had been ordered by mistake as wound for the wrong 
speed, thereby putting the motor-driven pump into 
service promptly. In this case I made four resistance 



Resistance CoIU 
/\ I \ 




Fig. 56. 

coils of No. 14 telephone wire, using 176 feet on each 
coil and inserting switches at the points marked 1, 2 
and 3 so as to vary the speed, which was reduced from 
1,150 to 800. We also did the same thing with a 30 
horse-power Type CQ General Electric shunt-wound 
motor, on which we reduced the speed from 1,100 to 
650. The Northern motor was run with this speed 
reduction scheme for about two months, when a new 
motor arrived wound for the lower speed. 



74 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Detecting Oil or Grease in Water. 

Boiler troubles and the corroding of pipes are often 
caused by oil or grease in the water. To detect this, 
take a clean tin pie-plate or shallow tin dish. Pour 
into this a thin layer of water, say an eighth or a quar- 
ter of an inch deep. Take a clean iron poker, heat the 
end of it white hot and pass it around the edge of the 
plate or dish with its tip just touching the water. If 
oil or grease is present, this will catch fire, and the 
amount of flame produced will indicate the quantity 
of fatty matter present. 

Handy Tap and Die. 

Where the same size thread is often used, a com- 
bination tap and die makes a handy tool and one which 




Fig. 57. 

is easily carried in a pocket if necessary. The hole 
near the center of the tool allows it to be hung on a 
nail when not in use. 

Cleaning Marble. 

To clean marble which has become badly spotted, 
make a paste out of slaked lime and soap suds. Spread 
this like a thin plaster over the surface of the marble 
and leave it in place for from 24 to 30 hoilrs. Then 
wash the paste off with lukewarm water. While this 
cleans the marble (the application can be repeated if 
any spots remain) it usually leaves the surface rather 
rough in appearance. To give it a high polish mix 10 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



75 



parts clear beeswax or good white wax with 2 parts 
Japanese gold and 88 parts spirits of turpentine. 
Apply this with a rag and polish with flannel. 

Polishing Engine Parts While Hot. 

To avoid scorching your hands when shining up 
parts of an engine while they are hot, cut a six-inch 
length off a clean piece of rope of three-quarters inch 




Fig. 58. 

or one inch diameter. Bind this with cord or friction 
tape near each end to keep it from fraying out too far, 
and apply the polish with one end of this rope-dauber. 

Covering Steam Pipes. 

According to careful experiments, a square foot of 
uncovered steam pipe filled with the vapor of 100-lb. 
pressure will radiate and dissipate in a year the heat 
put into 3,716 pounds of steam by the economic com- 
bustion of 398 pounds of average coal. Thus, ten 
square feet of bare pipe corresponds approximately to 
the waste of two tons of coal per annum. Another 
experimenter, testing the various materials employed 
for wrapping, concludes that the saving in condensa- 
tion effected with the best form of mica covering is 
nearly eighty-eight per cent; that is, calling the loss 
of heat with bare pipes 100, the loss when wrapped 
with mica packing would be twelve. Asbestos cover- 
ing seems to be considerably inferior to mica, and 
cements less desirable than either. 



76 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Prevent Boiler-feed Pipe Clogging. 

Instead of running the feed pipe down between the 
boiler flues shorten it, and about two inches from 
the top of the boiler attach the device illustrated in 
Fig. 59. It consists of a bushing reducing from six to 



'ToA^ <?/^ j3cp/jL£fje 







Fig. 59. 



one and one-half inches, this being the usual size of a 
boiler-feed pipe. To this is screwed a six-inch pipe 
flange. Then cut a piece of six-inch pipe about ten 
inches long, put a cap on one end and a flange on the 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 77 

other. The flanges are held apart by washers so that 
the opening between them is about ^ of an inch. The 
lj4-inch pipe extends almost to the bottom of the six- 
inch pipe as shown. About three bolts are sufficient to 
hold the flanges in position. 

In operation the water is discharged into the six- 
inch pipe and then sprayed out between the flanges in 
a thin sheet. Instead of collecting on the flues and 
boiler, the scale collects around the bottom and sides 
of the six-inch pipe, and all that it is necessary to do 
is to knock the scale from it and it is cleaned. 



Rules to Determine the Size and Speed of Pulleys 
or Gears. 

The driving pulley is called the Driver, and the 
driven pulley the Driven. 

If the number of teeth in gears are used instead of 
diameter, in the calculations, number of teeth must be 
substituted wherever diameter occurs. 

To find the diameter of Driver, the diameter of the 
Driven and its revolutions and also revolutions of 
Driver being given : Multiply the diameter of Driven 
by its revolutions, and divide the product by the revo- 
lutions of the Driver; the quotient will give the 
diameter of the Driver. 

To find the diameter of Driven, the revolutions of 
the Driven, also diameter and revolutions of the Driver 
being given : Multiply the diameter of Driver by its 
revolutions, and divide the product by the revolutions 
of the Driven ; the quotient will be the diameter of the 
Driven. 

To find the revolutions of the Driver, the diameter 
and revolutions of the Driven, also diameter of the 
Driver being given : Multiply the diameter of Driven 
by its revolutions, and divide the product by the 



78 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

diameter of Driver; the quotient will give the revolu- 
tions of Driver. 

To find the revolutions of the Driven, the diameter 
and revolutions of the Driver, also diameter of the 
Driven being given : Multiply the diameter of the 
Driver by its revolutions, and divide the product by 
the diameter of Driven; the quotient will give the 
revolutions of Driven. 



Using Waste. 

The plan of starting with soiled waste or rags in 
wiping the dirtiest parts of an engine or other machine, 
and of using cleaner waste and rags as you get to the 
final cleaning of the polished parts and valve gears, 
seems so logical that one would think every one would 
take to it readily. However, the less experienced and 
less careful helpers do not always follow it, showing 
that they lack both the thoroughness and the sense of 
economy which the really promising engineer must 
have. Many employers size up a new man by the way 
he wipes up when he does not know he is being 
watched, and by the amount of waste he uses for doing 
a good job. 

Sandpaper. 

Sandpaper is sold in sheets, 9 by 11 inches, and the 
coarseness is graded by numbers, thus: 00, 0, J^, 1, 
\y2, 2, 2J^, 3 and 3j4. The lower the number the finer 
is the sandpaper. 

The grades mostly used in pattern shops are from 
No. 1 to No. 2. Number 1 is a great deal finer than 
No. 2. 

Sandpaper can also be bought in rolls of 50 yards, 
and as wide as 48 inches. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



79 



A Novel Temperature Alarm Device. 

The accompanying drawing shows a simple ar- 
rangement for an alarm device to indicate when certain 
boiling temperatures have been reached. In this dia- 
gram (1) is a boiler in which the liquid is heated and 




Fig. 6o. 

TEMPERATURE ALARM DEVICE. 



(2) is a bent-tube thermometer with platino contacts 
incased in metal with its alarm contact set at 80° as 
shown in drawing. 

This thermometer can be adapted for any certain 
alarm temperature. It will be noted that (3) is switch 
to turn on and off the current for the alarm bell (4) 



80 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



which is supplied with current from battery cells, and 
(5) the elements installed to actuate the bell. 

This device operates in a simple manner. The cur- 
rent is switched on as soon as the degree of tempera- 
ture, for which the alarm device has been set, is 
reached, and the bell will ring as long as this tem- 
perature remains at this certain degree or has over- 
reached same or until an attendant turned the switch 
at (3) and opened the circuit. 



Packing Irons. 






% 




\: 



Fig. 6i. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



81 



Device for Turning Down and Truing a Scored Wrist 

Pin. 

The device, as shown in the illustration, is made of 
two pieces of one-inch oak, put together with screws 





-J — 

o r\ o 


/ , '< 


/" 






f \ 

. carborundum, 
^ stones ^ 


^>Gr 


?7i 


i 


^^ 


" pH 


4 



jit bolts 



slots /or 

^ cdrborundvm 
stones 



^ la| screws] 



'^ ptpe j^or handles to turn mth 
Fig, 62. 



and made to open like a hinge to allow it being put on 
the pin. Use four carborundum stones spaced equally 
around the pin and held down by lag screws. At first 
the pressure is hardest on the high points, but as the 



82 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



pin becomes true the pressure becomes more even all 
around. 

The lag screws are filed flat on the end and a 
piece of sheet iron placed between it and the stone to 
keep from spoiling the stone. 

A Simple Water Heater. 

It is the custom when one wants any hot water 
at a sink to take a pail and get it from the injector, or 
heat the water from a steam pipe. If you will make 



j^VALVE 




Re^uciNer 



WATEE HEATER. 



Fig. 6s. 



iDlSCHARGrE. 



the device shown in this illustration, you can have 
water at any temperature desired by simply regulating 
the water and steam valves shown in sketch. 

The sketch of this water heater shown in Fig. 63 fully 
explains itself. 



Ho. 






woVoH- Dijnomo. 

On 




Fig. 64. 



TWO-WIRE, 110-VOLT D. C. GENERATOR, CONNECTED TO A THREE- 
WIRE SYSTEM BY MEANS OF A BALANCING SET. 



84 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Automatic Alarm. 

When the water gets to a certain height it raises 
the can, causing an electrical contact to be made and 
the bell rings, when it is time to siphon the pit. 




Fig. 65. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 85 

Liquid Glue. 

Take equal parts of a good quality of glue and of 
strong vinegar, one-fourth as much alcohol and %o as 
much powdered alum. Dissolve the glue in the vine- 
gar, using a water-jacketed glue pot, but do not let 
it come to a boil. Then add the alum and alcohol, 
stirring well. This glue is said to remain liquid when 
cold, but may need to be warmed before using it in 
cold weather. 

To Keep Bolt Shanks from Turning. 

In putting up hangers for shafting, if the bolts are 
inserted through beams or floors from above, it is often 
difficult to get at them so as to keep the shanks from 
turning when you try to tighten the nuts. To prevent 



Nail 




Fig. 66. 



86 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

them from rotating, slip a small wire nail into the hole 
alongside the bolt when inserting this from above. On 
driving the bolt through, the nail is wedged between 
the shank of the bolt and one side of the hole, as in 
Fig. 66, locking the bolt sufficiently so that a nut can 
be tightened on it. Or, drive a wire nail transversely 




Fig. 67. 

into the beam so as to have it strike the bolt at one side 

of its center, as in Fig. 67, which shows a section 
through the timber looking dow^nward. 

Remedies for Scalding and Burns. 

The old shop notion of holding a burnt part of the 
body near a flame to draw out the heat has happily 
been exploded, as it is painful and practically useless. 
If the surface of the outer skin has been destroyed, 
something must be applied to protect the lower layers 
from the air. Vaseline and similar salves answer well. 
So does a mixture of linseed oil and lime. If the skin 
has not been destroyed, so that the painful result is a 
blistering, picric acid is very effective. Unlike other 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 87 

remedies, it can be used with water. The scalded place 
is moistened and a little of the powdered picric acid is 
strewed on it. This soaks into the skin in about half 
a minute, after which the affected part can be cooled 
in running water. However, the picric acid is ex- 
plosive, hence only small quantities should be kept on 
hand and these in a glass stoppered bottle in some cool 
place. 

Most furnace doors are too hot to be opened and 
closed with the bare hand, but by making the follow- 
ing described device it can be easily done. Take a 
piece of pipe about 4 to 10 inches long, flatten one end 
one-half of the way and cut a small notch at the flat- 
tened end so as to fit over the fire door handle. Bolt 
the lining to the outer door, then you can take a broom 
stick, or whatever is at hand and fit it as a handle in 
the gas pipe. 

Emery, 

Emery is sold by the pound. The coarseness of 
emery is graded by numbers, as 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 
20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 46, 54, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 
CF, F and FF. The lower the number, the coarser is 
the emery. No. 60 is often used for cutting down 
when polishing metal work ; then No. 120 and F or FF 
for finishing. 

Emery Cloth. 

Emery cloth is sold in sheets 9 by 11 inches, and 
the coarseness is graded by numbers, thus : 00, 0, J4, 1, 
\y2, 2, 2^, and 3. The lower the number the finer is 
the emery cloth. 

For shop use in general, the grades from No. 2 to 
No. are mostly used. No. 0, of course, is a great deal 
finer than No. 2. 

Emery cloth can also be bought in rolls of 50 yards, 
and as wide as 27 inches. 



88 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Automatic Telephone Message Recorder. 

An apparatus recently invented by Albert Baum- 
gartner, of St. Gall, is said to record telephone com- 
munications in the absence of the person called up and 
to actually reproduce them when desired. While the 
apparatus does not appear to be very complicated, it is 
nevertheless most ingenious, consisting of a micro- 
phonic telephone and a dictating machine with cylinder 
and sound interceptors. The receiver having been left 
unhooked by the absentee, the spoken words are re- 
corded on the cylinder which is set in motion, and upon 
his return the instrument readily reproduces the mes- 
sage. 

At the moment the call is made from the sending 
station the circuit (consisting of the line wire, the coil, 
and the pawl) is closed, the pawl being attracted to 
the electromagnet in the cell, the ratchet wheel of the 
talking machine is released, the recorder cylinder being 
thus set in motion. The pawl is so pivoted that its 
tendency is always to gravitate away from the electro- 
magnet and engage itself with the ratchet wheel, so as 
to prevent the rotating of the cylinder. During the 
period a message is being received, however, the pawl 
is attracted by the electromagnet. When the connec- 
tion is broken the circuit is interrupted and the pawl 
falls by its own weight onto the ratchet wheel which is 
fixed to the cylinder, and thereby the rotary motion of 
the latter is prevented. 

Valve Setting. 

In nearly all valve setting, unless valve is set with 
the indicator card, the engine must be placed on the 
dead center. The following kink for doing this may 
be of interest : 

Place the crosshead near the center of the stroke as 
in Fig. 68 and mark the line (A) with a scratch awl or 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 89 




Fig. 68. 



90 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

pencil across the crosshead and guides. At the same 
time mark the line (B) and (C) on the face of the fly- 
wheel and some stationary object placed in front of the 
wheel. 

Then turn the engine in the direction it is to run 
until the line on the crosshead comes back to the 
line (A) on the guides. Then mark a line (D) on the 
fly-wheel opposite the line (B) on the stationary object. 
Take a tape line and measure the distance between the 
lines (C) and (B) on the fly-wheel. One-half of this 
will give lines (E) and (F). 

When the engine is turned so that either line (E) 
or (F) comes opposite line (B) on the stationary 
object, it will be on the dead center. 

BOILING POINTS OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES. 
At Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level. 

Substance. Begs. F. 

Alcohol 173 

Ammonia 140 

Benzine 176 

Coal tar 325 

Linseed oil 597 

Mercury 648 

Naphtha 186 

Nitric acid, s. g. 1.42 248 

Nitric acid, s. g. 1.5 210 

Petroleum rectified 316 

Sulphur 570 

Sulphuric acid, s. g. 1.848. 590 

Sulphuric acid, s. g. 1.3 240 

Sulphuric ether 100 

Turpentine 315 

Water 212 

Water, sea 213.2 

Water, saturated brine 226 

Wood spirit 150 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 91 
Temperatures Corresponding to Various Colors. 

Temperature, 
Color. Degrees F. 

Dark blood red, black red 990 

Dark red, blood red, low red 1,050 

Dark cherry red 1,175 

Medium cherry red 1,250 

Cherry, full red 1,375 

Light cherrv red, bright cherry red, scaling heat, 

light red^^ \ 1,550 

Salmon, orange, free-scaling heat 1,650 

Light salmon, light orange 1,725 

Yellow 1,825 

Light yellow 1,975 

White 2,200 

*Heat at which scale forms and adheres, i. e., does 
not fall away from the piece when allowed to cool in 
the air. 

Tempering Small Drills. 

Jewelers often harden fine drills by heating them to 
a cherry red and then plunging the tip into a raw 
potato. 

To Temper Spiral Springs. 

Warm the steel spring in a charcoal fire, rub ordi- 
nary washing soap over it, heat again to a cherry 
red and dip quickly into a bath of ordinary kerosene. 
When cool, draw the temper to a light blue and rub 
tallow over the spring; then burn this off in the air 
and let the spring cool slowly. 



RULES FOR SAFETY VALVES. 

Lever Safety Valve. Rule. — Allow one square inch 
area of valve for each two square feet of grate surface. 
For instance, with twenty-four square feet of grate 



92 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

surface, a lever safety valve of twelve square inches 
area would be required. 

Spring or Pop Safety Valve. Rule. — Allow one 
square inch of area of valve for each three square feet 
of grate surface. For instance, with twenty-four 
square feet of grate surface, a spring or pop safety 
valve of eight square inches in area would be required. 



Covering Steam Pipes. 

According to careful experiments, a square foot of 
uncovered steam pipe filled with the vapor of 100-lb. 
pressure will radiate and dissipate in a year the heat 
put into 3,716 pounds of steam by the economic com- 
bustion of 398 pounds of average coal. Thus, ten 
square feet of bare pipe corresponds approximately to 
the waste of two tons of coal per annum. Another 
experimenter, testing the various materials employed 
for wrapping, concludes that the saving in condensa- 
tion eflfected with the best form of mica covering is 
nearly eighty-eight per cent; that is, calling the loss 
of heat with bare pipes 100, the loss when wrapped 
with mica packing would be twelve. Asbestos cover- 
ing seems to be considerably inferior to mica, and 
cements less desirable than either. 



Heights of Chimneys. 

The following heights are recommended for chim- 
neys, with the coals mentioned: 75 feet for free-burn- 
ing bituminous coal, 100 feet for slow-burning bitu- 
minous slack, 115 feet for slow-burning bituminous 
coal, 125 feet for anthracite pea coal, 150 feet for 
anthracite buckwheat coal. With such coal as Mt. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



93 



Olive, a 150-foot stack is recommended. With plants 
operating 600 or more horse-power of boilers, 180 feet 



Area 

Square 

Feet 


0) TO 

3a 


. Heights in Feet. 
J5]:80|«85| 90| 95|100|110| 120| 130| 140| 150| 1751 200! 
Commercial Horse Power. 


3.14 


24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
40 
44 
48 
54 
60 
66 
72 
Si 
96 
108/ 
120 


75 
90 


78 

92 

106 

122 


81 
95 
110 
127 
144 
162 






















3.69 


98 
114 
130 
149 
168 
188 




















4.28 


117 
133 
152 
171 
192 
237 
287 


120 
137 
156 
176 
198 
244 
296 
352 
445 
















4.91 
















5.59 


164 
185 

208 
257 
310 
370 
468 
577 
697 














6.31 














7.07 ' 


215 
.267 
322 
384 
484 
600 
725 
862 
1173 












8.73 








279 

337 

400 

507 

627 

758 

902 

1229 

1584 

2058 










10.56 


















12.57 










413 

526 

650 

784 

932 

1270 

1660 

2102 

2596 








15.90 


















19.63 




, 








672 
815 
969 
1319 
1725 
2181 
2693 


1044 
1422 
1859 
2352 
2904 




23.76 
















28.27 
















38.48 


{ 
















50.27 


I ' 














1983 


63.62 












. 






?5n 


78:54 


!._.. 














.... 


3100 



HEIGHT OF CHIMNEYS. 



is the minimum height, irrespective of the kind of coal 
that is to be burned. For large plants a 200-foot stack 
is not excessive. 



DATA 

AND 

USEFUL TABLES 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



97 



Pressure of Water. 



Feet 


PressVe 


Feet 


Pressure 


Feet 


Pressure 


Feet 


Pressure 


Head 


per sq. 
inch 


Head 


persq. 
inch 


Head 


persq. 
inch 


Head 


persq. 
inch 


t 


0.43 


33 


14.29 


65 


28.15 


97 


42.01 


2 


0,86 


34 


14.72 


66 


28.58 


98 


^^•55 


3 


1.30 


35 


i5'i6 


67 


29.02 


99 


42.88 


4 


1.73 


36 


»5-59 


68 


29.45 


100 


43.31 


5 


2.16 


37 


16.02 


69 


29.88 


XOl 


43.75 


6 


2.59 


38 


16.45 


70 


30.32 


102 


44.18 


7 


3-03 


39 


16.89 


71 


30 75 


103 


44.^1 


8 


3.46 


40 


17.32 


72- 


31.18 


104 


45.05 


9 


3.89 


4* 


17.75 


73 


31.62 


105 


45.48 


lO 


4.33 


42 


18.19 


74 


3^-05 


106 


45 91 


II 


4.76 


43 


18.62 


75 


32.48 


107 


46.34 


12 


5.20 


44 


19.OS 


76 


32.92 


108 


46.78 


»3 


5.63 


45 


19.49 


77 


33.35 


109 


47.21 


14 


6.06 


46 


19.92^ 


78 


33.78 


110 


-47.64 


15 


6.49 


47 


20.35 


79* 


34.21 


111 


48.08 


i6 


6.93 


48 


20.79 


8o 


34.65 


112 


48.51 


"7 


7.';6 


49 


21.22 


81 


35.08 


113 


48.94 


i8 


7.79 


50 


21.6^ 


82 


. 35.52 


U4 


49.38 


IQ 


8.22 


51 


22.09 


83 


35.95 


"1 


49.81 


20 


8.66 


52 


22.52 


84 


36.39 


116 


50.24 


21 


Q.09 


53 


22. Q5 


h 


36.82 


117 


50.68 


23 


9.53 


54 


23-39 


86 


37-3S 


118 


51.11 


23 


9.96 


5S 


23 82 


f7 


37.68 


119 


51.54 


24 


10.39 


56 


24.26 


88 


38.12 


120 


51.98 


25 


10.82 


57 


24.^ 


89 


38 55 


121 


52.41 


26 


11.26 


58 


25.12 


90 


38.98 


122 


52 84 


27 


11.69 


59 


25.55 


01 


39.42 


123 


53.28 


28 


12.12 


60 


25.69 


92 


39.85 


124 


53.71 


29 


»2.55 


61 


26.42 


93 


40.28 


125 


54.15 


30 


«*99 


62 


26.85 


94 


40.72 


126 


54 58 


3« 


«3«42 


63 


27.29 


95 


41.15 


127 


55 01 


3f2 


13.86 


64 


27 72 


96 


41.58 


128 


55 44 



98 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Standard Steam, Gas and Water Pipe, with Usual 

Prices. 



^Tominal 


Price per 




Normal 


Ko. of 
Tlireads 
per inch 
of Screw 


Size Insido 


foot, Black 


Tliicliness 


Weight 


Diameter 


and Galv'd 




per foot. 


INCHES 




INCHES 


POUNDS 




Vs 


.sy. 


.068 


0.24 


27 


X 


.SYz 


.088 


0.42 


18 


rs 


.S/z 


.091 


0.56 


18 


/z 


.8K 


.109 


0.84 


14 


H 


.IVA 


.113 


1.12 


14 


1^ 


.16'^ 


.134 


1.67 


ll'A 


IM 


.22^ 


.140 


2.24 


iVA 


IH 


.27 


.145 


2.68 


r^Yz 


2 


.36 


.154 


3.61 


UK 


2K 


.57K 


.204 


5.74 


8 


3 


.75>^ 


.217 


7.54 


8 


3K 


.95 


.226 


9.00 


8 


4 


1.08 


.237 


10.66 


8 


4/2 


1.30 


.246 


12.49 


8 


s 


1.45 


.259 


14.50 


8 


6 


1.88 


.280 


18.76 


8 


7 


2.35 


.301 


23.27 


8 


8 


2.82 


.322 


28.18 


8 


9 


3.40 


.344 


33.70 


8 


10 


4.25 


.366 


40.00 


8 


11 


4.75 


.375 


45.00 


8 


12 


5.20 


.375 


49.00 


8 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 99 



Edison Three-wire System. 



-o- 



-o- 



-o 





-o 



-o 



-o 

o 



-o- 



-o- 



-o — o- 



FlG. 56. 



-o- 
-o- 




100 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Caloric Power, Carbon Value and Evaporative Power 
of Various Fuels. 



COMBUSTIBLE. 



Calorifio Power 

in British 

Thermal 

Units. 



Carbon, burned to Carbonic Acid .- 

Hydrogen 

Hydrogen, deducting latent heat in steam formed.. 

Sulphur 

Straw, with 16 per cent water 

Wood, kiln,<Jried -. 

Wood, air dried, with 20 per cent water 

Peat, kiln dried 

Peat, air dried, with 20 per cent water 

Charcoal, from wood, dry 

Charcoal, fpom peat, dry 

Coal, lignite, air d ried 

{from . . . 
to... 
average 
ffrom.. 

Coal, Anthracite s to 

( average 

Coke , {f™!"; 

Block Fuel, average 

Petroleum 

Natural Gas, Pennsylvania 



14544 

62032 

53338 

3996 

5200 

8000 

5600 

10000 

6500 

13000 

11600 

11000 

13000 

15700 

14100 

14000 

16200 

15000 

12000. 

13700 

15000 

20000 

26000 



Carooii 
Value. 



1.000 

4.265 

3.667 

.275 

.358 

.550 



.447 

.894 

.798 

.756 

.894 

1.079 

,D69 

.963 

1.114 

1.031 

.825 

.942 

1.031 

1.375 

1.788 



ETaporative 
Power in Lbs. 

of Water 

irom and at 

212 F. 



15.06 

64.22 

55,22 

4.14 

5.38 

8.28 

5.80 

10.35 

6.73 

rl3.46 

.12.01 

11.39 

13.46 

16.25 

14.60 

14.49 

16.77 

15.53 

12.42 

14.18 

15.53 

20.70 

26.92 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 101 



Metric Units. 

Relations between the English and metric units.—- 
The following table gives the relation between_the 
most common English and metric units : 



1 inch (in.) 
1 foot (ft.) 
1 mile (M.) 


= 2.54 cm. 
= 30.48 cm. 
:;= 1.609 km. 


1 cm. 

Im. 

1km. 


= .3937 in. 

- 1.094 yd. =39.37 in 

= .6214 M. 


1 sq. in. 
1 sq. ft. 
lacre 


= 6.45 sq. cm. 
= 929.03 sq. cm. 
== .405 ha. 


1 sq. cm 
1 sq. m. 
Iha. 


== .1550sq. in. 
= 1 . 196 sq. yd. 
= 2.47 acres 


1 cu. in. 
1 cu. ft. 

Iqt. 


= 16.387 cc. 
= 28,317 cc. 
= .94631. 


1 cc. 

1 cu. m. 
11. 


= .061 cu. in. 
= 1.308 cu. yd. 
= 1.057 qt. 


Igrain 
1 oz. av. 
1 lb. av. 


= 64.8 mg. 
= 28.35 g. 
= .4536 kg. 


Ig. 
Ig. 
1kg. 


= 15.44 grains 
= .0353 oz. 
= 2.2041b. 



This table is inserted chiefly for reference ; but the 
relations 1 in. = 2.54 cm., 1 m. = 39.37 in., 1 kilo 
(kg.) = 2.2 lb. should be memorized. On account of 



CENTIMETER 

12 

'■'I'lyi'i'i'i'l'l'ifiTl'i'i 



3 4 5 

'M.l!ll|lllllll 



INCU 



I'PIIIIII1IIIIIII 

1 2 



mmm 



8 



CENTIMETER AND INCH SCALES. 



its more convenient size, the centimeter, instead of the 
meter, is universally used for scientific purposes as the 
fundamental unit of length. 



102 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Cost of Fuel Oil as Compared with Other Fuels. 

Th¥ cost of fuel oil, as compared with other fuels, 
depends, of course, on circumstances; but the best 
authorities are agreed on the following tables : 

Heat units 
per 1000 cu. ft. 

Natural Gas 1,000,000 

Air Gas (Gas Machine) 20 candle-power 815,500 

Public Illuminating Gas, average 650,000 

Water Gas (from Bituminous Coal) 377,000 

Water and Producer Gas'; mixed 175,000 

Producer Gas 150,000 

Since a gallon of fuel oil (7 lbs.) contains 151,000 
heat units, the following, comparisons may evidently 
be made. At three cents a gallon, for instance, the 
equivalent heat units in oil would equal : 

Per 1,000 cu. ft. 

Natural Gas at .1987 

Air Gas, 20 candle-power .at .1620 

Public Illuminating Gas, average at .1291 

Water Gas (from Bituminous Coal) at .0749 

Water and Producer Gas, mixed at .0347 

Producer Gas at .0298 

At four cents a gallon, the equivalent heat units in 
oil would equal : 

Per 1,000 cu. ft. 

Natural Gas at .2649 

Air Gas, 20 candle-power at .2160 

Public Illuminating Gas, average.. at .1722 

Water Gas (from Bituminous Coal) at .0998 

Water and Producer Gas, mixed at .0463 

Producer Gas at .0397 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 103 
Circumferences and Areas of Circles. 



Diameter 


Circumference 


Area 


Biameter 


Circuraterence 


Area 


in inches. 


ifl inches 


inSq Ins.. 


in Inches. 


in Inches 


iuSq.Ins. 


1 


3.1416 


.7854 


04 


20!.. 06 


3216.99 


2 


6.2832 


3.M1« 


65 


204.20 


3.318.31 


3 


Si. 4248 


7.(.!686 


66 


207.34 


3421.19 


4 


12. .5604 


12.5664 


67 


210.49 


,3525.65 


5 


15.7080 


19.63.'> 


68- 


213.63 


3631.68 


6 


18.850 


2§.274- 


09 


^16:77 


3739.28 


7 


21 .991 


38.4&5 


70 


219.91 


3848.45 


8 


25.133 


50.266 


71 


22:^.05 


;^59.19 


9 


28.274 


63.617 


72 


226 19 


4071 .5() 


10 


31.416 


78.540 


73 


2:2<).34 


4iS5.») 


11 


34.5.^)8 


95.0:« 


74 


232.48 


4300.84 


12 


37.699 


113.1 


75 


235.62 


4417.86 


13 


40.841 


1S2JS 


7& 


238.70 


4536.46 


14 


43.982 


J53,94 


77 


34 1. -90 


4656.63 


15 


47,124 


176.71 


78 


245.0-4 


4778.36 


16 


50.265 


201.06 


79 


248.-19 


4901.67 


17 


53.407 


226.98 


80 


251.33 


50:26.55 


18 


56.549 


254.47 


81 


254.47 


5153. 


19 


59.690 


283.53 


82 


257.61 


5281.02 


20 


62.832 


3r4.16 


83 


260.75 


54l0.m 


21 


651973 


.346,36 


84 


263.89 


5541.77 


22 


69.115 


380.13 


85 


267.04 


5074.50 


23 


72.257 


415.48 


86 


270.18 


5808.80 


24 


75.398 


452 39 


87 


273.32 


5944.68 


25 


78.540 


490.87 


88 


270.40 


6082.12 
6:221.14 


26 


81.681 


5.30.93 


89 


279.60 


27 


84.823 


572.iiG 


90 


282.74 


6:^1 73 


28 


87.965 


615.75 


91 


2a5.88 


6503.. 88 


29 


91.106 


660.52 


92 


289.08 


6647.61 


30 


94.248 


706.86 


93 


292.17 


6792.91 


31 


97.389 


7.54.77 


94 


295.31 


6939.78 


32 


100.5:i 


81H.25 


95 


298 45 


7088.22 


33 


103.67 


855.30 


96 


301.59 


7238.2^ 


34 


106.81 


907.92 


97 


304.73 


7339.81 


35 


109.96 


962.11 


98 


307.88 


7542.9(5 


36 


113.10 


1017.88 


99 


311.02 


7697.69 


37 


116.24 


1075.21 


100 


314.16 


7853.98 


38 


119.38 


1134.11 


101 


3 17 30 


8011.85 


39 


122.52 


1194.59 


102 


320.44 


8171.28 


40 


125.66 


1256.64 


103 


323.58 


8332.29 


41 


128.81 


1320.26 


104 


3.26.73 


8494.87 


42 


131.95 


1385.44 


iOo 


329.87 


8659.01 


43 


135.09 


1452.20 


106 


333.01 


8824.73 


44 


338.23 


1520^3 


107 


336.15 


8992.02 


45 


141.37 


1590.43 


108 


339.29 


9160.88 


46 


144.51 


1661.90 


109 


342.43 


9331.32 


47 


147.65 


1734.94 


110 


345.58 


9503.32 


48 


150.80 


1S09.56 


111 


3-^8.72 


9676.89 


49 


153.94 


1885.74 


112 


351.86 


9852-03 


50 


157.08 


1963.50 


113 


a55- 


10028.75 


51 


160.22 


2042.82 


U4 


358.14 


10207,. 03 


52 


163.36 


2128.72 


115 


361.28 


10386.89 


53 


166.50 


2206.18 


116 


ZMA'l 


10568.82 


54 


169.65 


2290.22 


117 


367,57 


10751. 3-^ 


55 


172.79 


2375.83 


118 


370?.7l 


10935.88 


56 


175.93 


2463.01 


119 


373.85 


11122.02 


57 


179.07 


2551.76 


130 


376.99 


11309.73 


58 


182.21 


2642.08 


121 


380:i3 


11499.01 


59 


185.35 


2733.97 


122 


383 27 


11689 87 


60 


188.50 


2827:43 


123 


886.42 


11882.29 


61 


191.64 


2922.47 


124 


389.56 


12076.28 


62 


194.78 


3019.07 


125 


392.';0 


12271.85 


63 


197.92 


3117.25 


126 


395.84 


12468.98r 



104 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



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PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 105 



> 

• •-4 



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o 

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'■ . 1 >J i . ■ I I 'I ' ' 

>ooeoooor*o<N^<>i^^oo^^oooO<oooooor* 



106 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Range of Injectors. 





Feed water at 60 . 


Feedwater at 75 . 


Feedwater at 100 . 


Vertical 
Lift. 

Feet. 


bo ji 


C u 
« 0^ 


.si. 

■*-* xn 

m a. 


60 aj 

C u 

Cl. en 
00 O. 




O 4) 


2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

15 

16 

18 

20 

22 


15 
18 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 

45 
50 
55 
55 


155 

150 
142 
135 
125 
118 
110 

102 
90 

85 

75 


15 

18 

25 
30 

50 

55 


145 
140 

125 
115 

85 

75 


20 

35 
45 


120 

90 
70 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 107 



Total Stored Energy of Steam Boilers. 





Area of 






Available Stored Energy in 


Max.HKt.of 
Projection. 


Type. 




1 




B 


. 


i 


^ 




So 


*-» d 


OD 


<ii*^ 


Si 


C0 


es 




69 




rtCQ 


i^ 


t^ 


a 


1 


s 


o 


•6 


o 




O 


Sc 


CUPu 


« 


en 


H 


m 


H 




Sq.ft. 


Sq.ft. 






Ft. Lbs. 


Ft. Lbs. 


Ft. Lbs. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Plain Cylinder- 


15 


120 


100 


10 


46 605,200 


676.698 


47,281,898 


1S913 


5514 


Cornish 


36 


730 


30 


60 


57 572.750 


709,310 


58,260 060 


3431 


1314 


2-flue Cylinder.. 


2C 


400 


IJH. 


35 


80 570 050 


2,377,857 


82,949,407 


12243 


6076 


Plain Tubular- 


30 


852 


75 


60 


50.008,790 


1.022,731 


51,031.521 


5372 


2871 


Locomotive 


20 


•1200 


125 




64,452,270 


1 766 447 


66,218,717 


3319 


2348 


Scotch Marine. 


32 


768 


75 




71^72.350 


1.462 430 


72,734.800 


2889 


1873 


I'lue& Ret Tub. 


72.5 


2324 


30 




90 631,490 


1,570,517 


92,101,987 


1684 


931 


Water Tube .... 


100 


3000 


100 


250 


108.346.670 


1^11.377 


109.624,283 


2030 


1626 



Safety Valves. 



Maximum pREsstniB allowed per 


Zero to 


Over 25 to 


OVIR 60 TO 


Squabs Inch on the Boiler. 


25 Pounds. 


60 PCONDS. 


100 Pounds. 


Diameter of Valve, 
in Inches. 


Area of Valve, in 
Square Inches. 


Area of Orate, in Square 


Feet. 


1 


.7&54 


1.50 


1.76 


2.00 


IV4 


1.2272 


2.26 


2.50 


3.00 


xH'2 


1.7671 


3.00 


3.75 


4.00 


2 


3.1418 


6.60 


6.50 


7.25 


2^2 


4.9087 


8.25 


10.00 


11.00 


3 


7.0688 


11.75 


14.25 


16.00 


3% 


9.6211 


16.00 


19.50 


21.76 


4 


12.6660 


21.00 


26.50 


28.25 


4V^ 


15.9040 


26.75 


32.60 


86.00 


6 


19.6350 


32.76 


40.00 


44.00 



108 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Ice Tank Pulling Record. 





1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


1 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


2 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


3 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


(D 


3 





4 


® 


1 


(D 


3 


G> 


1 


® 


3 


® 


1 


© 


3 


5 


1 


© 


3 


@ 


I 


@ 


3 


© 


1 


@ 


3 


© 


6 


® 


1 


© 


3 


® 


« 


(£) 


3 


& 


1 


© 


3 


7 


1 


© 


3 


@ 


1 


@ 


3 


© 


1 


® 


3 


© 


8 





1 


@ 


3 


y 


1 


X 


3 


A 


1 


^ 


3 


9 


1 


X 


3 


X 


1 


X 


3 


X 


1 


X 


3 


X 


10 


X 


1 


X 


3 


X 


1 


X 


3 


X 


1 


X 


3 


11 


1 


^ 


3 


K 


1 


Xx 


3 


^ 


1 


X 


3 


X 


12 


X 


1 


X 


3 


X 


, 


X 


3 


X 


1 


X 


3 


13 


1 


A 


3 


K 


1 


K 


3 


>i 


1 


X 


3 


X 


14 


X 


1 


A 


3 


X 


1 


X 


3 


X 




2 


3 


15 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


16 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


17 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 


1 


2 


3 


4 



X DAY MAN 



O. NIGHT MAN 2<^ <>/v^>iLc^ 



CAKES. Day 3 ^ 
CAKES. Night S 3 
CAKES. 2* Ho«iTi ^^ 
Tcmpertiur^ of Brine-. «t I p. m. / 6 at 7 p m. /& /^ at I a. m. 7& at 7 t.m. /J 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 109 



Wiring Table for Daily Use. 





WEIGHT PER 


AREA 


SAFE 


B. &8. 


1000 FT. LBS. 


IN 


CURRENT 


GUAQE 


TRIPLE BRD. 


CIRCULAR MILLS 


IN 




INSULATION 


BARE WIRE 


AMPERES 


0000 


742 


211600. 


312. 


000 


609 


167805. 


262. 


00 


487 


133079.4 


220, 





386 


105538. 


185. 


1 


803 


83694.2 


156. 


2 


244 


66373. 


131. 


8 


194 


52634. 


110. 


4 


160 


41742. 


92. 


5 


134 


83102. 


77.6 


6 


lU 


26250.5 


65.2 


7 




20816. 


54.8 


8 


78 


16509. 


46.1 


9 




18094. 


88.7 


10 


50 


10381. 


82.5 


11 




8234. 


27.3 


12 


""85 


6529.9 


23. 


13 




5178.4 


19.8 


14 


"26 


4106.7 


16. 


15 




8256.7 


18. 


16 


21 


2582.9 


8. 


17 




2048.2 


6, 


18 


"15 


1624.3 


5. 



no PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 






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PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. Ill 






u>in»oin«*'^«*"'n*poc^jo«*><»» p* «« M «•« *■* ** O o o o ^ o^ o^cc oo eo co t<s -t>» 
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III 



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112 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Engine Speeds for a Frequency of 50 
Cycles per Second. 



No. of 


Cycles pet 
Eev. 


Eevs. pet 
Secu 


^^^ 


2 


1 


50 


8,000 


4 


2 


25 


1,500 


6 


3 


16| 


l.OOO 


8 


4 


12^ 


750 


10 


5 


10 


600 


12 


6 


H 


500 


20 


10 


5 


300 


30 


15 


3^ 


200 


40 


20 


2^ 


150 


60 


30 


1| 


100 



Melting Points or Temperatures of Fusion. 



solid: 



Alttminum 

Antimony 

Bismuth 

Brass 

Bronze 

Copper 

Gold 

Iron, Cast, Grey* . . 
Iron. Cast, White., 
Iron, Wrought — 

Lead 

Manganese 

Platinum 

Silver 

Steel, Mild 

Steel, Hard 

Tin 

Zinc ... 

Glass- 

Sulphur 

Tallow... 

Wax 



FAHR. 



1157 
824 
509 
1886 
168S 
1931 
1913 
2228 
2075 
2912 
611 
3452 
3227 
1733 
2687 
2588 
442 
779 
2012 



m9 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 113 



Resistance of Copper Wire, 



No. 
B. 


Resistance at 75^ F. 


Lbs. per 1000 ft. 

ins'dH.B.&H. 

Line wire. 


er lb. 
.B.&H. 
wire. 


S. 


R Ohms 

per 
1000 feet. 


Ohms 
per mile. 


Feet 

per 

Ohms. 


Ohms, 
per pound. 




0000 

000 

00 



1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 


.04904 
•06184 
.07797 
.09827 
.12398 
.15633 
.19714 
.24858 
.31346 
.39528 
.49815 
.62849 
.79242 
.99948 
1.2^02 
1.5890 
2.0037 
.2.5266 
3.1860 
4.0176 
5.0660 
6.3880 
8.0555 
10.1584 
12.8088 
16.1504 
20.3674 
25.6830 
32.3833 
40.8377 


.25891 
.32649 
.41168 
.51885 
.65460 
.82543 
1.04090 
1.31248 
1.65507 
2.08706 
2.63184 
3.31843 
4.18400 
5.27726 
6.65357 
8.39001 
10.5798 
13.3405 
16.8223 
21.2130 
26.7485 
33.7285 
42.5329 
53.6362 
67.6302 
85.2743 
107.540 
135.606 
170.984 
215.623 


20392.9 
16172.1 
12825.4 
10176.4 
8066.0 
6396.7 
5072.5 
4022.9 
3190.2 
2529.9 
2006.2 
1591.1 
1262.0 
1000.5 
793.56 
629.32 
499.06 
395.79 
313.87 
248.90 
197.39 
156.54 
124.14 
98.44 
78.07 
61.92 
49.10 
38 94 


.00007653 
.00012169 
.00019438 
.00030734 
.00048920 
.00077784 
.0012370 
•0019666 
•0031273 
.0049728 
.0079078 
.0125719 
.0199853 
.0317046 
.0505413 
.0803641 
.127788 
.203180 
.323079 
,513737 
•616839 
1.298764 
2.065312 
3.284374 
5.221775 
8.301819 
13.20312 
on QQinn 


800 
666 
500 
363 
313 
250 
200 
144 
125 
105 

87 

69 

50*' 


1.25 
1.50 
2.00 
2.75 
3.20 
4.00 
5.00 
6.9 
8.0 
9.5 
11.5 
14.5 

26!o 


31 
**22*' 


32.0 
45.6* 


14 


70.0 


11 


90.0 


... . . 








30.88 33.37780 
24.49 53.07946 











114 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Current Allowed by Fire Underwriters. 

Table A. Tabtle B. 

Rubber Other 

Insulation. InsnlationsL 

B.AS. G. Amperes. Amperes. Circular Mils. 

18 3 5 1,624 

16 6 8 2,583 

14 12 16 4,107 

12 17 23 6,53a 

10 24 32 10,380 

8 33 46 16,510 

6.A 46 65 26,250 

5 54 77 33,100 

4 C5 92... 41,740 

3 76 110 52,630 

2 90 131 €6,370 

1 107 156 ^ 83,690 

127 185 105,500 

00 150 220 133,100 

000 177 262 167,800 

0000 210 312 211,600 

Circular Mils. 

200,000 200 300 

300,000 270 400 

400,000... 830. 500 

500,000 390 590 

600,000 450.. .c 680 

700,000 500 760 

800,000 550 840 

900,000 600 920 

1,000,000 650 1,000 

1,100,000 (m — 1,080 

1,200,000 730 1,150 

1,300,000 770 1,220 

1,400,000... 810.. •. .1,290 

1,500,000 850 1,360 

1.600,000 890 J.... 1.430 

4,700,000 030 1.490 

1.800,000 970 1,550 

1,900,000 1,010 1,610 

2,000,000 1,050 1,670 

The lower limit is specified for rubber-covered wires 
to prevent gradual deterioration of the high insulations 
by the heat of the wires, but not from fear of igniting 
the insulation. The question of drop is not taken into 
consideration in the above tables. 

The carrying capacity of Nos. 16 andlS, B. & S. gage 
wire is given, but no smaller than No. 14 is to be used, 
except as allowed under rules for fixture wiring. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 115 



Decimal Equivalents. 



8th8. 


A = 


.28125 


H = 


.296876 


J =.125 


H = 


.84376 


H = 


.328126 


}=.250 


H = 


.40625 


H = 


.359376 


| = .3:5 


ii = 


.46875 


H = 


.890626 


;i= .500 


H = 


.53125 


H = 


.421876 


t= .625 


n= 


.69375 


n = 


.458125 


J =.750 


u = 


.65625 


H = 


.484875 


2 = .875 


H = 


.71875 


11 = 


.515825 


leths. 


11 = 


.78126 


H = 


.546875 


A =-0625 


H = 


.84375 


H = 


.578125 


f,= .1875 


11 = 


.90625 


H = 


.609375 


^r=-3125 


H = 


.96875 


U = 


.640626 


rV=.4375 


e4ths. 


♦i = 


.671876 


^,= .5625 


th = 


.015625 


a- 


.703125 


H=-6875 


iT = 


.046875 


« = 


.734875 


ff=.8125 


«*! = 


.078125 


H = 


.765625 


}{= .9375 


tV = 


. 109375 


H = 
H = 


.796875 
.828126 


92da. 


I'l = 


. 140625 








4 




a = 


.859375 


fy = .03125 


H = 


.171875 


H = 


.890626 


/, = .09375 


ii- 


.203125 


H = 


.921876 


Jg.= .15625 


a = 


.234375 


H = 


.953126 


W= -21875 


ij = 


.265625 


a = 


.984376 



116 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Horse-power of Iron and Steel Shafts for 
Given Diameter and Speed. 



(0 






Revolutions per 


Minuted 






100 


125 


150 


175 


•200 


225 


250 


300 


350 


400 


VA 


2.4 


3.1 


3.7 


4.3 


4.9 


6.5 


6.1 


7.3 


8.6 


9.7 


tVz 


4.3 


5.3 


6.4 


7.4 


8.5 


9.5 


10.5 


12.7 


14.8 


16.9 


m 


6.7 


8.4 


10.1 


11.7 


13.4 


15.1 


16.7 


20.1 


23.4 


26.8 


2' 


10.0 


12.5 


15.0 


17.5 


20.0 


22.5 


25.0 


30.0 


36.0 


'40.0 


25i 


14.3 


17.8 


21.4 


24.9 


28.5 


32.1 


35.6 


42.7 


49.8 


57.0 


2H 


19.5 


24.4 


29.3 


34.1 


39.0 


44.1 


48J 


68,5 


68^ 


Taa 


2% 


26.0 


32.5 


39.0 


43.5 


52.0 


58.5 


65.0 


78.0 


87.0 


tSSJi 


3 


33.8 


42.2 


50.6 


59.1 


67.5 


75.9 


84.4 


101.3 


118.2 


ma 


S}i 


43.0 


63.6 


64.4 


75.1 


.85.8 


96:6 


107.3 


128.7 


160.3 


2114 


VA 


53.6 


67.0 


.79.4 


93.8 


107.2 


120.1 


134.0 


158.8 


187.6 


2I<4>4 


m 


65.9 


82-4 


97.9 


115.4 


121.8 


148,3 


164.8 


195.7 


230.7 


243.S 


4 


80.0 


100.0 


120.0 


140,0 


160.0 


180.0 


200.0 


240.0 


280.0 


32CiiQ 


4^2 


113.9 


142.4 


170,8 


199.3 


227.8 


256.2 


284.7 


341.7 


398.6 


466.6 


5, 


156.3 


195.3 


234.4 


273.4 


312.5 


351.6 


390.6 


.468.7 


546.8 


625.0 


5J^ 


207.9 


260.0 


311.9 


363.9 


415.9 


459.9 


520.0 


623.9 


727.9 


830.0 


6 


270.0 


337.5 


405.0 


472.5 


540.0 


607.5 


675.0 


810.0 


945.0 


1080.0 


6K2 


343.3 


429.0 


514.9 


600.7 


686.5 


772.4 


858.0 


1029.0 


1201.0 


1372.0 


7 ' 


428.8 


535.9 


643.1 


750.3 


847.5 


^64:7 


1071.9 


1286.0 


1500.0 


1695i0 


8 


640.0 


800.0 


960.0 


1120.0 


1280.0 


1440:0 


1600.0 


.1920.0 


2240.0 


2660.0 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 117 



Horse-power Transmitted by Heavy Double 
Belt. 



fel 


Velocity in Feet Per Minute. t 




800 


1200 'l600 


2000 


2400 


3200 


3600 


4000 


4400 


4800 


5600 


Horse Power Transmitted.. 



4/2 


GK 


9 


IXM 


13J^ 


18 


20% 


22^ 


24% 


27 


9 


13^ 


IS 


22M 


27 


36 


40^ 


45 


49M 


54 


13K^ 


20% 


27 


3334 


^'A 


54 


60% 


67^ 


74% 


81 


18 


27 


36 


45 


54 


72 


81 


90 


99 


108 


22 ^ 


33K 


45 


56 J< 


€7^ 


90 


101% 


112H 


123% 


135 


27 


40J^ 


54 


67M 


81 


108 


121^^ 


135 


148K 


162 


31^ 


47K 


6« 


78K 


94^ 


126 


1413^ 


157J4 


173% 


189 


30 


54 


72 


90 


108 


144 


1G2 


180 


198 


216 


40^ 


60% 


81 


lOVA 


121 K2 


162 


182% 


202M 


222% 


243 


45 


67^^ 


90 


112^^ 


135 


180 


202H 


225 


247^ 


270 


54 


81 


108 


135 


162 


216 


243 


270 


297 


324 


evA 


1015^ 


135 


168K 


202>^ 


270 


303% 


337H 


371% 


405 


81 


121^ 


102 


2025^ 


243 


324 


364>^ 


405 


445 J^ 


486 


90 


135 


180 


225 


270 


360 


.405 


450 


495 


540 


99 


148^^ 


198 


2475^ 


297 


396 


445K 


495 


544K 


594 


108., 


102 


216 


270 


324 


432 


486 


540 


594 


648 



31>^ 

63 

94 J4 
126 
157J^ 
189 
220 J^ 
252 
283 J4 
315 
378 
472f^ 
5^7 
630 
693 
756 



These calculations are based on first-class belting, made front 
backs of Pure- Oak Tanned Leather, run under ordinary condkions 
and on pulleys of fair and equal size. 

When the driven pulley is smaller, the power transmitted will 
be as much less than the above as that part of the surface of the 
driven pulley, which is covered by the belt, is less than half its surface,. 



118 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Sizes and Capacities of Electric Pumps. 





a 


Size of 




C? ^. 




Motor 




w 


>. w 


PXJiwp 


1^ 


O'^ 








s 


*j c 






<u ^ 


i Ij i- 








u ^ 


'•"2: 






1 0-0 


a CO 








So 

1 




:5:s 


Si 


II 

u5 




H. P 


-.■■"5 
CO 

R.P.M 


R.P M. 


150 


18 


^ 


4 


.367 


2 


2 


500 


1000 


200 


24 


ZV2 


4 


.498 


2 


3 


500 


1000 


300 


35 


4 


4 


652 


3 


3 


500 


1000 


500 


53 


4 


5 


.816 


3 


5 


500 


1000 


600 


70 


5 


5 


1.27 


4 


7K 


500 


1000 


850 


100 


5 


6 


1-53 


4 


7>^ 


500 


1000 


1200 


140 


6 


7 


2-57 


5 


10 


500 


1000 


1500 


176 


7 


7 


3-50 


5 


15 


500 


1000 


2000 


235 


7 


9 


450 


6 


20 


500 


1000 


3000 


353 


8 


9 


5.87 


7 


30 


500 


1000 


3500 


412 


9 


9 


7 43 


8 


35 


500 


1000 


4000 


472 


9 


10 


8.26 


9 


40 


500 


1000 



150 


18 


3 


4 


.367 


2 


3 


500 


1000 


200 


24 


iVz 


4 


.498 


2 


4 


500 


1000 


300 


35 


4 


4 


.652 


3 


5 


500 


1000 


500 


53 


4 


5 


.816 


3 


10 


500 


1000 


600 


70 


5 


5 


1.27 


4 


10 


500 


1000 


850 


loo 


5 


6 


1-53 


4 


15 


500 


1000 


1200 


140 


6 


7 


257 


5 


20 


500 


1000 


I 500 


176 


7 


7 


3-50 


5 


25 


500 


1000 


2000 


235 


7 


9 


450 


6 


35 


500 


1000 


3000 


353 


8 


9 


5.87 


7 


50 


500 


1000 


3500 


412 


9 


9 


7-43 


8 


60 


500 


1000 


4000 


472 


9 


10 


8.26 


9 


70 


500 


1000 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 119 



Weight af Copper Wire. 







Area. 


BARE VVIRfl 


INSULATED WIRE 


6.&S. 




1 








Gauge 
NOT 


Diam. 


Circ. Mils 
B. andS 
Gauge 


Lbs per 
tooo tt 


Lb^ p-r 


Ft. per 
Pound. 


Lbs. per 

lOOO f c. 


i.b». per 
Mile 


Ft. psr 
Pound. 


0000 


4G0 


211,600 


G40.73 


338? 01 


1.58 


716 


3781 


1.39 


COD 


410. 


108,100 


GOV 12 


•?v>C7,85 


1.97 


57.3 


3036 


1.74 


00 


3G5. 


133,'2-25 


■IU2.Q7 


2127.05 


2. 43 


465 


2455. 


2.15 





825. 


105,6^5 


3iy 4-i 


li^^S 21 


3.13. 


373 


1980. 


2.67 


t 


28a 


83,521 


253 43 


K338.I0 


3.95 


285 


1505. 


3.51 


2 


258 


66,56'! 


2U0.98 


\061 . 17 


4.98 


24^ 


1294. 


4.08 


a 


229. 


62,441 


109.33 


PA 1 .60 


6.23 


!90 


1003. 


5.26 


4 


204 


41,616 


126 4U 


«.G7 3tf 


7 9' 


152 


803. 


6.68 


5 


182 


33,124 


IlK) 23 


0-29.23 


9.93 


120 


634. 


8^ 


€ 


162 


36,244 


79 49 


41:) G9 


12.58 


98 


518, 


10.20 


7 


144. 


20,736 


63.03 


3 2 ?2 


15.86 








8 


128. 


16,384 


49.<J9. 


263.00 


20.00 


66 


349. 


15.15 


9 


114. 


12,993 


39 C5 


209.35 


25.22 








10 


IU2. 


10.404 


81 44 


165.98 


31.81 


45 


238. 


22.22 


11 


9i 


8,281 


24.93 


132. G5 


40.11 








12 


61. 


6,561 


19.77 


IUJ.49 


50.58 


30 


158. 


33.33 


13 


72. 


5,184 


ir..C8 


82 7S2 


63.78 








U 


«. 


4,096 


12.44 


C5.C58 


80.42 


20 


106- 


50.00 


15 


67. 


3.249 


9.86 


52 069 


101 40 








16 


61. 


JSSI 


7.82 


41.292 


127 87 


14 


< ^*- 


7140 


17 


45. 


2,025 


6.20 


32.746 


161.24 








18 


40. 


1,600 


4.92 


25.970 


•20.3.31 


10 


53 


100 00 


19 


SG, 


1.296 


3.90 


20.594 


250 39 








20 


32. 


1,024 


3.09 


16.231 


323.32 









120 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



a 
o 

CO 

OS 

S 

o 

Q 



CO 

o 



O 

QJ 

U 



•nopiioi 

JO I is f I 
'Su3 PIO 



'pa'Bpa^S 
qsiiSua 






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PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 121 



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122 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



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PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 123 



Greek Letters as Used in Electrical Work. 



Name 


Large 


Small 


Commonly used to. designate 


alpha 


A 


a 


angles, coefficients. 


beta 


B 


fi 


angles, coefficients. 


gamma 


r 


y 


specific gravity, f 


delta 


A 


8 


density, variation. 


epsilon 


E 


e 


base of h'yperbolic logarithms. 


•seta 


Z 


K 


co-ordinates, coefficients. 


eta 


H 


V 


hysteresis (Steinmetz) coefficient, efficiency 


theta 


© 


e 


angular phase displacement. 


iota 


I 


t 




kappa 


K 


K 


dielectnc constant. 


lambda 


A 


\ 


conductivity. 


mu 


M 


H- 


permeability. 


nu 


N 


V 


reluctivity, i 


xi 


H 


$ 


output coefficient. 


omricron 


O 


o 




Pi 


n 


TT 


circumference -f- radius. 


rho 


p 


P 


resistivity. 


Sigma 


2 


or 


(cap.), summation; (small), slip 


tau 


T 


T 


time phase displacement. ^ 


upsilon 


Y 


V 


leakage coefficient. 


phi 


* 


</> 


flux. 


Chi 


X 


X 




psi 


* 


•A 




omega 


n 


Ct> 


(cap.), ohm; (small), angrular velocity. 



124 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Table of Gauges. 



No. of 
Gags 



Diametarof 

StMl Wir« 

Gage* 



Diameter of 

Stubs' or 

Birm'ghatn 

Gage 



Diameter of 

American 

Wire Gage 

(B.&S.) 



Steel Wire Gage * 



Full Sizes 

and 
No. of Gage 



Weight 
One Mil* 
Poundt 



oooo 

ooo 

oo 

o 

1 

8 
4 
6 
6 

8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
S3 
34 
35 
86 



.3938 

.3625 

.3310 

.3065 

.2830 

.2625 

.2437 

.2253 

.2070 

.1920 

.1770 

.1620 

.1483 

.1350 

.1205 

.1055 

.0915 

.080O 

.0720 

.0625 

.0640 

.0475 

.0410 

.0348 

.03176 

.0286 

.0258 

.0230 

.0204 

.0181 

.0173 

.0162 

.0160 

.0140 

.0133 

.0128 

.0118 

.0104 

.0095 

.0090 



.454 
.425 
.380 
.340 
.300 
.284 
.259 
.238 
S20 
.203 
.180 
.165 
.148 
.134 
.120 
.109 
.095 
.083 
.072 
.065 
.05S 
.049 
.042 
.035 
.032 
.028 
.025 
.022 
.020 
.018 
.016 
.014 
.013 
.012 
.OlO 
.009 
.008 
.007 
.005 
.004 



.460 

.40964 

.36480 

.32486 

.28930 

.25763 

.22942 

.20431 

.18194 

.16202 

.14428 

.12849 

.11443 

.10189 

.09074 

.08081 

.07196 

.06408 

.05706 

.05082 

.04525 

.04030 

.03589 

.03196 

.02846 

.02535 

.02257 

.02010 

.01790 

.01594 

.01420 

.01264 

.01126 

.01003 

.00893 

.00795 

.O07O8 

.00630 

.00561 

.005 



970.1 

m.i 
m.t 
m.t 

519.2 
411.2 
369.( 

309.7 
25S.7 
201.S 

156.7 
117.9 
90.1$ 
73,01 
55.01 
41.07 
31.77 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 125 









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126 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



Comparison of Centigrade and Fahrenheit 
Thermometer Scales. 



Centi- 


Fahren- 


Centi- 


Fahren- 


Centi- 


Fahren- 


grade. 


heit. 


grade. 


heit. 


grade. 


heit 





32 


23 


73 4 


46 


114 8 


1 


33 8 


24 


75 2 


47 


116 6 


2 


35.6 


25 


77. 


48 


118.4 


3 


37.4 


26 


78 8 


49 


120.2 


4 


39.2 


27 


80 6 


50 


122. 


5 


41. 


28 


82 4 


55 


131. 


e 


42 8 


29 


84 2 


60, 


140. 


7 


44 6 


30, 


86 


65': 


149.' 


8 


46.4 


31 


87 8 


70 


158. 


9 


48 2 


32 


89 6 


75 


167. 


10 


50. 


33 


91.4 


80 


177. 


11 


52. 


34 


93.2 


85 


185. 


12 


53.6 


35 


95. 


90 


194. 


13 


55.4 


36 


96 8 


> 95 


203. 


14 


57.2 


37 


98 6 


r 100 


212. 


15 


59. 


38 


100 4 


\ 


- 


16 


60.8 


39 


102 2 






17 


62.6 


40 


104. ) 






18 


64.4 


41 


105 8 






19 


66.2 


42 


107.6 






20 


68. 


43 


109.4 






21 


69 8 


44 


111.2 






22 


71 6 


45 


113 







PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 127 



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128 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 



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(M vO 00 T-^ U^ 00 1-' rf l> O CO t* Q' CO O 0» C<l lO Oi C^ kT* 00 



f-i <N co'tj- KO«ot^o90>0'-*e«»eorj«iC«ot^ocoiO-'^co^o 

IH r-i •-< f^ »-< F-* »-» iH i-i F^ C>1 C^ C^ C^ 04 ?« 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 129 






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130 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 
Comparison of Thermometer Scales. 



Fh. 


Cel. Rea. 


Fh. 


Cel. 


Rea. 


1 Fh. 


Cel. 


Rea. 


212 


100. 


80 


122 


50 


40.0 


t 32 


0.0 


0.0 


2IO 


98 9 


79.1 


120 


48 9 


39 I 


30 


— I I 


— 0.9 


208 


97.8 


78 2 


118 


47 8 


38.2 


28 


— 2.2 


— 1.8 


206 


96 7 


77 3 


116 


46 7 


37 3 


26 


— 3-3 


— 2.7 


204 


95 6 


76.4 


114 


45 6 


36.4 


24 


— 4.4 


- 3.6 


202 


94-4 


75.6 


112 


44 4 


35 6 


22 


- 5.6 


— 4.4 


200 


93.3 


74.7 


no 


43.3 


34-7 


20 


-6.7 


— 5.3 


198 


92.2 


73-8 


108 


.42.2 


33-8 


18 


- 7.8 


— 6.2 


196 


91. 1 


72 9 


106 


41 I 


32.9 


16 


-8.9 


— 7.1 


194 


90.0 


72.0 


104 


40 


32 


14 


— lO.O 


— 8.0 


192 


88 9 


71 I 


102 


38.9 


31 1 


12 


— II. I 


- 8.9 


190 


87. S 


70.2 


100 


37 8 


30.2 


10 


—12.2 


-9.8 


188 


86 7 


69.3 


98 


36-7 


29 3 


8 


—13 3 


—10.7 


186 


85.6 


68.4 


96 


35.6 


28.4 


6 


—14.4 


—II. 6 


184 


84 4 


67.6 


94 


34.4 


27.6 


4 


—15.6 


—12.4 


182 


83.3 


66.7 


92 


33 3 


26.7 


2 


-~i6.7 


—13.3 


180 


82.2 


65-8 


90 


32 2 


25.8 





-17.8 


—14.2 


178 


81. 1 


64 9 


88 


31 I 


24.9 


— 2 


—18.9 


—15.1 


176 


80 


64.0 


86 


30.0 


24.0 


— 4 


— 20 


—16.0 


174 


78.9 


63.1 


84 


28 9 


23 I 


— 6 


-—21. 1 


— 16.9 


172 


77 8 


62.2 


82 


27.8 


22.2 


— 8 


— 22 . 2 


—17.8 


170 


76.7 


61 3 


80 


26 7 


21.3 


— 10 


—23.3 


-18.7 


168 


75.6 


60 4 


78 


25 6 


20 4 


— 12 


—24.4 


—19.6 


166 


74.4 


59 6 


76 


24.4 


19.6 


—14 


-25.6 


— 20.4 


164 


73 3 


58 7 


74 


23.3 


18.7 


—16 


-26.7 


—21.3 


162 


72 2 


57 8 


72 


22 2 


17 8 


—18 


-27.8 


— 22.2 


160 


71 I 


56 9 


70 


21. 1 


16.9 


— 20 


—28.9 


—23.1 


158 


70 


56.0 


68 


20 


16 


— 22 


—30.0 


— 24.0 


156 


68.9 


55 I 


66 


18.9 


151 


—24 


—31 . 1 


—24.9 


154 


67.8 


54 2 


64 


17-8 


14 2 


—26 


—32.2 


-25.8 


152 


66 7 


53 3 


62 


16 7 


13.3 


—28 


—33-3 


-26.7 


150 


65.6 


52.4 


60 


156 


12 4 


—30 


—34.4 


-27.6 


148 


64.4 


51 6 


58 


14.4 


II 6 


—32 


-35.6 


—28.4 


146 


63 3 


50 7 


56 


13 3 


10 7 


—34 


-36.7 


—29.3 


144 


62 2 


49 8 


54 


12 2 


9 8 


-36 


-37.8 


—30.2 


142 


61. 1 


48.9 


52 


II I 


89 


-38 


—38.9 


—31.1 


140 


60 


48.0 


50 


10. 


80 


—40 


— 40.0 


—32.0 


138 


58 9 


47.1 


48 


8.9 


71 


—42 


—41 I 


—32.9 


136 


57.8 


46 8 


46 


7.8 


6.2 


—44 


—42 2 


-33.8 


134 


56.7 


45 3 


44 


6.7 


5 3 


-46 


—43.3 


-34.7 


132 


55 6 


44.4 


42 


5 6 


4 4 


-48 


—44.4 


-35.6 


130 


54-4 


43 6 


40 


4 4 


3-6 


—50 


—45.6 


—36.4 


128 


53 3 


42 7 


38 


3 3 


2 7 


—52 


—46 7 


—37.3 


126 


52 2 


41 8 


36 


2 2 


I 8 


—54 


—47.8 


-38.2 


•124 


51 I 


40 9 


34 


I I 


9 


-56 


—48 9 


—39.1 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 131 



Relative Resistance and Conductivity of Conductors. 



MeUte: 



Silver, annealed . . 

Copper '*^ 

Copper (Matthiessen's 

Standard). 
Gold (99.9% pure) 
Aliiminum (99% pure) 
Zinc . . . 
Platinum, annealed 
Iron ... 
Nickel . 
Tin . . 
Lead . . 
Antimony 
Mercury 
Bismutn 



Carbon (graphitic; 
Carbon (arc light' 
Selenium . . . 



Resistance in Microhms 
at 0^ 0. 



Centimeter 
Cube. 



1.47 
1 55 

K594 

2.20 
2.56 
5.75 

8 98 

9 07 

12 3 

13 I 
20 4 
35.2 
94.3 

130 
2.400-42.000 
about 4.000 
6X10^^ 



Inch Cube. 



^79 
.610 
.6276 

.865 

1 01 

2 26 
3.53 
3.57 
4.85 
5.16 
S.04 

13 9 

37.1 

51.2 
S50-16.700 
about 1,599 
2.38 XIO"* 



Relative 
Resis- 
tance. 



92.5 
S7.5 

too 

138 
151 

262 

6G5 

570 

773 

828 

1,2S0 

2,2i0 

5.030 

8.^^20 



Relative 
Conduc- 
tivity. 
% 



108.2 
102.6 
100. 

72.5 
62.1 
27.6 
17.7 
17.6 
12.9 
12 1 
7.82 
4 53 
1 69 
1 22 



Temperature Coefficients. 



Pure Metals. 


Centigrade 
a 


Fahrenheit 

a 


Silver, annealed . . . .' 
Copper, annealed .* .. . 
Gold (99.9%) .... 
AlUminiimi (99%). . 
Zinc ... 




0.00400 

0.00428 

0.00377 

0.00423 

0.00406 

0.00247 

0.00625 

0.0062 

0.00440 

0.00411 

0.00389 

0.00072 

0.00354 


0.00222 
0.00242 
0.00210 
0. 00235 
0.00226 


Platinum, anne. 
Iron ... 
Nickel . . . 


Piled . . 


0.00137 
0.00347 
0.00345 


Tin ... . 
Lead .... 




0.002*45 
0.00228 


^t\mony 
Mfercury . . 


. . . 


0.00216 
0.00044 


Bismuth . . 




00197 






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PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 133 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 



True Level of Water in a Boiler. 

Q. Why is it that a water column will not show 
the true level of the water in a boiler? 

A. A water column may fail to show the true level 
of water in the boiler due to a stoppage of one or both 
of the connections to the boiler; or, because of a leak 
in the water column. If there is a leak at the top of 
the column the steam wjill escape at that point, causing 
a loss of pressure, and the water will rise in the col- 
umn above the level of the water in the boiler. If 
there is a leak at the bottom of the column the water 
will stand too low. 

Q. What would happen if the lower pipe to a 
water glass would become closed? How would the 
water glass show? How would it show in the glass if 
the upper pipe were closed? 

A. If the lower connection to a water glass 
becomes stopped the glass will gradually fill with 
water, due to condensation of steam in the upper part 
of the glass. If the upper connection becomes stopped 
the glass will soon fill with water, because the steam 
in the upper part of the glass will condense, forming a 
partial vacuum, and the boiler pressure will force the 
glass full of water through the lower connection. Of 
course, if the water level in the boiler drops below 
the lower water-glass connection, the glass will fill 
with steam. 



134 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

Q. What would be the height of a standpipe if 
the pressure on a square inch is 95 pounds at the bot- 
tom of the standpipe? 

A. A column of water 1 square inch in section 
and 2.31 feet in height exerts a pressure of 1 pound. 
Hence, if the pressure at the bottom of a standpipe is 
95 pounds per square inch, the head of water in the 
standpipe is 95 X 2.31 feet = 219.45 feet. 

Cycle and Frequency. 

Q. Please explain the terms cycle and frequency. 

A. The term ^^ cycle/^ as used in alternating cur- 
rents, can best be understood by remembering that an 
alternating current is constantly changing its polarity 
from positive to negative and back again to positive. 
When the current changes from positive to negative 
and back to positive, this series of changes is called a 
cycle. The number of cycles per second is called the 
frequency. 

Changing an A. C. to a D. C. Fan. 

Q. How do you change an alternating-current fan 
to a direct-current fan? Can it be done? 

A. Alternating-current fan motors are usually in- 
duction motors in the larger fans, and series commu- 
tator motors in the smaller fans. If the fan has an 
induction motor it can not be made to operate on 
direct current. If it has a series commutator motor it 
will run just as well on direct current as on alternating 
current. However, if the same voltage is used, it will 
run somewhat faster on the direct current than on 
alternating current. 

If the extra speed is objectionable, the d. c. voltage 
should be reduced somewhat, or else a resistance con- 
nected in series with the motor, the resistance being 
adjusted until the proper speed is obtained. 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 135 

The Paul System. 
Please explain the Paul system of heating, and if 
it can be installed by any one desiring to use it? 

Answer. 

Any contractor doing a general business in heating 
and ventilating will install the Paul system of steam 
heating. This is fundamentally a one-pipe system, 
using either exhaust or live steam, and maintaining 
the circulation without back pressure by exhausting 
each radiator at the air tap. While certain patented 
valves or fittings may be required in such a system, 
they are always to be had on the market, so that there 
is no reason why any heating and ventilating con- 
tractor can not install the Paul system. 

Carbon Brushes on A. C. Generator. 

What I want to know is if it is possible for me to 
use carbon brushes on one of our 60 K. W. a. c. alter- 
nators, using suitable brush holders. This machine 
operates at 1,100 volts, 52 amperes, at full load. It is 
impossible to make this machine operate without ex- 
cessive collector-ring wear by the use of copper or 
antifriction brushes, or commutator compounds. 

Answer. 

There is no fundamental reason why a carbon 
brush can not be used on an alternator, although it is 
not usually done. When it is desired to change from 
copper to carbon brushes on such a machine, it must 
be remembered that the high resistance of carbon will 
require a brush of relatively larger cross section as 
compared with copper. 

The allowable current density in a carbon brush is 
from 30 to 50 amperes per square inch of section. If 
we allow 40 amperes per square inch, this machine 
should have a brush with about 1% square inches of 
section. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



A PAGE 

Adhesive Coating for Belts 71 

Adhesive Varnish 71 

Air Compressors, Steam Driven 105 

Aluminum 14 

Aluminum, Grinding and Polishing 61 

Aluminum, Polishing 69 

Anneal Brass or Copper, To 67 

April Fool Spoons 62 

Approximate Weight of One Cord of Different 
Kinds of Kiln-dried Woods, and Their Evap- 
orative Power Compared with Coal of Average 

Quality 127 

Asbestos Cement 58 

Automatic Alarm 84 

Automatic Telephone Message Recorder 88 

B 

Babbitted Bearings 32 

Babbit-metal Substitute 70 

Batteries 15 

Batteries : Creeping of Sal Ammonia 61 

Battery Solution 17 

Battery Solution, Sal Ammoniac 7 

Batteries, To Clean Carbon Electrodes 49 

Belt Cement 58 

Belt Grease 71 

Belts, Adhesive Coating 71 

Bending Copper Tubing 17 

Bending Heavy Lead Cables 28 

Bend Tubing, To 45 

Blowhole Filler for Iron Castings 5 

Bluing Steel Pieces 43 

Boiling Points of Various Substances 90 

Boilers, Total Stored Energy. 107 

Boring Leather . , , , 16 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 137 

PAGE 

Boring Holes in Rubber 65 

Boring Through Marble 70 

C 

Caloric Power, Carbon Value and Evaporative 

Power of Various Fuels 100 

Carbon Brushes on A. C. Generator 136 

Cement, Asbestos 58 

Cement, Belt 58 

Cement Celluloid to Iron or Steel, To 48 

Cement, Fireproof for Iron 47 

Cement, For Leather to Iron. . 49 

Cements for Linoleum 58 

Cement for Marble 12, 64 

Cementing Asbestos to Tin or Iron 44 

Cementing Iron to Wood 12 

Cementing Lapped Joints 62 

Cementing Rubber to Metal 41 

Cementing Rubber to Steel or Iron. 5 

Changing an A. C. to D. C. Fan 135 

Channeling Babbitt Bearings 18 

Charging Storage Batteries on a 550-volt Circuit. . 29 

Circles, Circumferences and Areas 103 

Chimneys, Height of 92 

Circumferences and Areas of Circles 103 

Circumference of Circles 128 

Clean Clogged Files, To 7 

Cleaning Machine Parts 56 

Cleaning Marble 33, 74 

Clock Dial as a Compass 68 

Coal Capacity 110 

Color Brass Gray, To 55 

Color Solder Yellow, To 7 

Comparison of Centigrade and Fahrenheit Ther- 
mometer Scales 126 

Comparison of Thermometer Scales 130 



138 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

PAGE 

Compressed Air, Removing Water from 19 

Cost of Fuel Oil as Compared with Other Fuels. . 102 

Covering Steam Pipes 75, 92 

Current Allowed by Fire Undervmters 114 

Cutting Gauge-glass Tubes 15 

Cutting Leather Washers 13 

Cutting Mica 28 

Cutting Oil , 15' 

Cycle and Frequency 135 

Cylinder Oil, Amount of, to Use 136 

D 

Data and Useful Tables 95 

Decimal Equivalents 115 

Depth Gauge for Drills 60 

Detecting Oil or Grease in Water 74 

Device for Turning Down and Truing a Scored 

Wrist Pin 81 

Double-quick Socket Wrench 43 

Difference Between Wire Gauges in Decimal 

Parts of an Inch 120 

Drawing Bolts out of Timbers 66 

Dry Batteries, Reviving 15 

Dry Batteries, To Keep from Short-circuiting. ... 41 

E 

Edison Three-wire System 99 

Electric Toaster, Home-made 26 

Emergency Pipe Wrenches 38 

Emery 87 

Emery Cloth 87 

Engine Speeds for a Frequency of 50 Cycles per 

Second 112 

Enlarge the Bore of Tubing, To 59 

Enlarging Holes at the Bottom 21 

Etching Fluid for Glass 50 

Etching Names on Steel Tools 48 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 139 
F 

PAGE 

Fastening Handles to Files or Chisels 8 

Feed-water Heaters 122 

Files, Clean Clogged 7 

Files, Testing for Sharpness 35 

Finding the Center of a Circle 63 

Fire-extinguisher Solution 16 

Fireproof Cement for Iron 47 

Fireproofing Wood 17 

Four-handled File 18 

Frost Brass, To 55 

Furnace Tool Racks 34 

G 

Gas Engines, Leaky 14 

Gasket, Simple Copper 37 

Gauging the Bore of Tubes Accurately 8 

Gluing Wood 8 

Glue, To Keep from Cracking V7 

Grease for Wire Ropes 58 

Greek Letters as Used in Electrical Work 123 

Grindstones 55 

Grind Tools Slowly 61 

Grooving Babbitted Bearings 33 

Guide Nails in Cramped Places, To 42 

H 

Handy Tap and Die 74 

Hardening Baths for Tools 59 

Heights of Chimneys 92 

High-tension Knife Switch 23 

Home-made Electric Toaster 26 

Horse-power of Iron and Steel Shafts for Given 

Diameter and Speed 116 

Horse-power Transmitted by Heavy Double Belt, 117 



140 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

I 

PAGE 

Ice Tank Pulling Record 108 

K 

Keep Bolt Shanks from Turning, To 85 

Keep Dry Batteries from Short-circuiting, To. ... 41 

Keep Glue from Cracking, To 37 

Keep Rubber Soft, To 11 

Keep Tools from Rusting, To 30, 56 

Keep Tools from the Sun 67 

Keep Windows from Freezing, To 69 

Keeping Tools Dry 67 

L 

Lap-welded Charcoal-iron Boiler Tubes 121 

Laying Out Angles without a Protractor 51 

Lead Cables, Bending 28 

Leaky Gas Engines 14 

Leather, Boring 16 

Lever Safety Valve, Rule 91 

Liquid Glue 85 

Liquid Metal Polish 50 

Log, Weekly 133 

Loosen Tight Wood Screws, To 65 

M 

Marble, Cement for 12 

Marble, Cleaning „ 38 

Measure an Inaccessible Pulley, To. 29 

Melting Points or Temperatures of Fusion 112 

Metric Unit 101 

Mica, Cutting 28 

Motor, Reducing Speed 73 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 141 
N 

PAGE 

Nonscratching Vise Jaws 5 

Novel Temperature Alarm Device 79 

P 

Packing* Hooks 19 

Paint, Removing Old 56 

Paul Heating System, The 136 

Pencil Sharpener for Draftsmen 57 

Pipe Covering 125 

Plaster of Paris 46 

Polishing Aluminum 69 

Polishing Engine Parts While Hot 75 

Pulleys, To Measure 29 

Pumps, Electric, Sizes^ and Capacities 148 

Pump, Signaling to 35 

Pressure of Water 97 

Prevent Boiler-feed Pipe Clogging 76 

Putting Wick in a Torch 31 

Q 

Questions and Answers 134 

R 

Range of Injectors 106 

Reducing the Speed of a Motor 7Z 

Relative Resistance and Conductivity of Con- 
ductors 131 

Remedies for Scalding and Burns 86 

Remove Broken Screws, To 41 *^ 

Removing Old Packings 47 

Removing Old Paint 56 

Removing Rust Electrically 48 

Removing Water from Compressed Air 19 

Resistance of Copper Wire 113 



142 PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 

PAGE 

Reviving Dry Batteries 15 

Rubber Cement 11 

Rubber, To Keep Soft 11 

Rubber, To Soften Hardened 10 

Rubber, Working 44 

Rules to Determine the Size and Speed of Pulleys 

or Gears 77 

Rusting, To Keep Tools from 30 

S 

Safety Valves 107 

Sal Ammoniac Battery Solution 7 

Sandpaper 78 

Saving Hack-saw Blades 46 

Screws, To Remove 41 

Sharpen Files Chemically, To 48 

Signaling to a Distant Pump. 35 

Simple Water Heater. 82 

Simple Copper Gasket 37 

Simple Water Test 27 

Sizes and Capacities of Electric Pumps 118 

Softening Tempered Steel 23 

Soften Hardened Rubber, To 10 

Soldering Steel or Iron 12 

Spring or Pop Safety Valve, Rule 92 

Standard Steam, Gas and Water Pipe, with Usual 

Prices 98 

Steam Pipes, Covering 75 

Strengthening Chisel Handles 67 

T 

Table of Gauges 124 

Tell Wrought Iron from Cast Iron, To 58 

Temperatures Corresponding to Various Colors. . 91 

Tempering Small Drills 69, 91 

Tempering Tools in Molten Metal 10 



PRACTICAL KINKS AND RECIPES. 143 

PAGE 

Temper Spiral Springs, To 7 

Testing Files for Sharpness 35 

Test the Polarity of Wires, To 25 

Tools from Rusting 30 

Total Stored Energy of Steam Boilers 107 

True Level of Water in a Boiler 134 

U 

Using Old Hack-saw Blades 12 

Using Waste 78 

V 

Valves, Lever Safety Rule 91 

Valves, Safety 107 

Valve Setting 88 

Varnish, Adhesive . . .• 71 

Vise Work 70 

Volts Lost at Different Per Cent Drop 133 

W 

Water, Pressure of 97 

Waterproofing Wood 17 

Weekly Log 132 

Weight of Copper Wire 119 

Weight of Cubic Foot of Steam at Different Pres- 
sures Ill 

Weights of Iron Stacks, with Gauges and Prices. . 104 

Wick, Putting in Torch 31 

Wires, Polarity of 25 

Wiring Table for Daily Use 109 

Wiring Table for Electric-light Conductors 129 

Wood, Fireproofing 17 

Wood, Waterproofing 17 

Working Rubber 44 

Wrench, Socket 43 

Wrenches, Emergency Pipe 38 




One Thousand Ouestions and 

Answers for Engineers, Applicants 
for License and Electricians 

By JOSEPH G. BRANCH, former Member of tho 

Board of Examining Engineers of the 

City of St, Louis, Editor "Praxjtical 

Electricity and Engineering." 

This book contains questions with answers, 
asked by Examining Boards for* engineer's license, 
and for electrician's card, and elfeo questions and 
answers covering the entire field of steani engin- 
eering and practical electricity, including wiring 
diagrams. 

It is a complete library in one volume, and 
one that no progressive engineer, electrician, fire- 
man, dynamo tender, or student can afford not 
to have with him at all times, or within reach. 

The book is printed in large type, fully il- 
lustrated, 180 pages, 51^x7 \^ inches, and is 
strictly up to date. 

If you wish immediate delivery you must 
WTite today as the first edition is already about 
Price is $1.50 Postpaid. sold. 

The Electric Motor 

and Its Practical Operation 

By ELMER E. BURNS 

The only book giving a simple, clear and 
up-to-date explanation of the principles and opera- 
tion of all kinds of electric motors. 

CONTENTS 



Chapter I. — How an Electric Current Can 
Produce Motion. 

Chapter II. — The Beginning and Growth of 
the Electric Motor. 

Chapter III. — Power and Efficiency of a Motor 

Chapter IV. — Counter-electromotive force. 

Chapter V. — How Power is Lost in a Motor. 

Chapter VI. — Armatures and Cummutators. 

Chapter VII. — Types of Direct-current Motors. 

Chapter VIII. — Starting Boxes and Their Connections. 

Chapter IX. — Curve Tracing. 

Chapter X. — How to Understand Alternating-current Motors. 

Chapter XI. — Operation of Alternating Current Motors. 

Chapter XII. — Speed Control of Motors. 

Chapter XIII. — Motor Troubles and How to Cure Them. 

Chapter XIV. — Selecting and Installing Motors. 

Appendix. — Horse-power Required to Drive Various Machines. 

Size 5 1/^x7 1/^ inches; 200 pages; fully illustrated. 

The Joseph G. Branch Publishing Company 

608 South Dearborn St., CHICAGO, ILL. 




Price, $1.50, Po^tpaicL 



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